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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet World / Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals in Ind...
Veterinary world2025; 18(5); 1333-1344;

Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals in Indonesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease with significant implications for animal health and rural livelihoods in Indonesia. Despite surveillance efforts, comprehensive national-level estimates of its prevalence in domesticated animals remain lacking. This study aimed to synthesize the pooled prevalence of trypanosomiasis across Indonesian provinces, identify contributing factors, and assess trends over time using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Unassigned: A systematic search was conducted in seven electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) for articles published between 1988 and 2024. Eligible studies reported primary prevalence data of trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals within Indonesia. A total of 18 studies with 4,295 samples met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using R Studio 4.4.2. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on animal host, diagnostic method, province, and study period. Heterogeneity was assessed through I and τ statistics, and publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and funnel plots. Unassigned: The pooled prevalence of trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals across Indonesia was 31.23% (95% confidence interval: 24.67-37.78), with considerable heterogeneity (I = 98.1%). Buffaloes exhibited the highest infection rate at 51.46%, followed by cattle (33.99%), whereas horses and dogs had notably lower rates (<6%). Provinces with the highest reported prevalence included Lampung (75.05%) and Central Kalimantan (75.00%). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was the most frequently used and sensitive diagnostic method. Meta-regression revealed a declining trend over time (p = 0.0002), although high variability persisted between regions and diagnostic tools. Unassigned: Trypanosomiasis remains endemic among domesticated animals in Indonesia, with a substantial pooled prevalence and marked regional variability. The findings underscore the need for improved surveillance, implementation of standardized diagnostic tools, and integrated vector management strategies. Future research should focus on ecological risk factors, seasonality, and the zoonotic potential of to support evidence-based control interventions.
Copyright: © Firdausy, et al.
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Publication Date: 2025-05-25 PubMed ID: 40584135PubMed Central: PMC12205245
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focused on estimating the national prevalence of Trypanosomiasis, a vector-borne parasitic disease, in domesticated animals in Indonesia. The study also explored the contributing factors and trends over time through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers conducted a systematic search in seven electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) to source for relevant articles.
  • They included articles published between 1988 and 2024, which reported primary prevalence data of Trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals within Indonesia.
  • The final sample included 18 studies with 4,295 samples that met the inclusion criteria.
  • They utilized a Random-effects meta-analysis using R Studio 4.4.2 for data analysis.
  • Focused subgroup analyses were carried out based on various factors such as animal host, diagnostic method, province, and study period.
  • The heterogeneity amongst studies was assessed using I and τ statistics and publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test and funnel plots.

Study Results

  • The pooled prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals across Indonesia was estimated to be 31.23%, with a 95% confidence interval of 24.67-37.78%.
  • The study showed considerable heterogeneity (I = 98.1%).
  • The highest infection rate was seen in buffaloes at 51.46%, followed by cattle (33.99%). Horses and dogs exhibited significantly lower infection rates of less than 6%.
  • Provinces with the most reported prevalence included Lampung (75.05%) and Central Kalimantan (75.00%).
  • The Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was the most frequently used and sensitive diagnostic method.
  • Meta-regression analysis revealed a declining trend over time, despite substantial variation across regions and diagnostic tools.

Implications of the Research

  • The study found that Trypanosomiasis continues to be an endemic disease among domesticated animals in Indonesia, with considerable prevalence and notable regional variation.
  • The findings highlight the urgent need for improved disease surveillance, implementation of standardized diagnostic methods, and integrated vector management strategies.
  • The researchers also identified the need for future studies to focus on ecological risk factors, seasonal fluctuations, and the zoonotic potential of the disease – to support the development of evidence-based control interventions.

Cite This Article

APA
Firdausy LW, Fikri F, Wicaksono AP, Çalışkan H, Purnama MTE. (2025). Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in domesticated animals in Indonesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet World, 18(5), 1333-1344.

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 1333-1344

Researcher Affiliations

Firdausy, Lintang Winantya
  • Division of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
  • Research Group of Animal Biomedical and Conservation, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
Fikri, Faisal
  • Division of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
  • Research Group of Animal Biomedical and Conservation, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
Wicaksono, Arya Pradana
  • Animal Health Division, Indonesian Horse Veterinarian Association, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia.
Çalışkan, Hakan
  • Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26040, Turkey.
Purnama, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad
  • Division of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
  • Research Group of Animal Biomedical and Conservation, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68425, Indonesia.
  • Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26040, Turkey.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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