Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine.
Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.
Publication Date: 2020-12-21 PubMed ID: 33371484PubMed Central: PMC7767483DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040784Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article analyses the effectiveness of the Equilis Prequenza vaccine in providing immunity to horses against a recent strain of the equine influenza virus (EIV). The study results suggest that this vaccine successfully minimizes clinical signs and prevents virus shedding in horses that have been inoculated, as compared to unvaccinated horses.
Background
- The equine influenza virus (EIV) is a substantial cause of respiratory illnesses in horses. The effects of the virus can be controlled effectively through vaccination.
- In 2018, a major outbreak of a new EIV strain named H3N8 FC1 took place in Europe. Interestingly, this outbreak affected both vaccinated and unvaccinated horses, despite a high vaccination coverage rate of over 80%.
- This led researchers to question whether the type of vaccine used might impact effectiveness, in addition to the antigenic differences between the specific strain of the virus and the implemented vaccine.
Research Methodology
- For the study, horses were inoculated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine, Equilis Prequenza, and then experimentally infected with the new H3N8 FC1 strain of EIV.
- Parameters such as serology (HI), clinical manifestations, and virus shedding were studied and the results from vaccinated horses were compared with those from unvaccinated horses.
Research Findings
- Results indicated that horses vaccinated with Equilis Prequenza demonstrated a significant reduction in clinical symptoms and showed no signs of virus shedding as compared to the control group of unvaccinated horses.
- This shows that Equilis Prequenza provides a high degree of protection against the new strain of EIV.
- The study also implies that beyond just antigenic variation between the virus and the vaccine, other aspects of the vaccine type might play a significant role in determining its efficacy in real-world conditions.
Cite This Article
APA
Reemers S, van Bommel S, Cao Q, Sutton D, van de Zande S.
(2020).
Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine.
Vaccines (Basel), 8(4), 784.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040784 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK.
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
Conflict of Interest Statement
All authors are employed by MSD Animal Health. None of the authors were involved in performance, data collection, or sampling during animal studies, and therefore had no influence on the results reported in this paper.
References
This article includes 18 references
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Lewis NS, Daly JM, Russell CA, Horton DL, Skepner E, Bryant NA, Burke DF, Rash AS, Wood JL, Chambers TM, Fouchier RA, Mumford JA, Elton DM, Smith DJ. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007.. J Virol 2011 Dec;85(23):12742-9.
- Landolt G, Townsend HG, Lunn DP. Equine influenza infection. Equine Infectious Diseases 2nd ed. Saunders Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherland: 2013. pp. 141–151.
- Fougerolle S, Fortier C, Legrand L, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S, Paillot R. Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage.. Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;7(4).
- Castro ER, Perez R, Rodriguez S, Bassetti L, Negro R, Vidal R. Epidemiological and virological findings during an outbreak of equine influenza in Uruguay in 2018.. Rev Sci Tech 2019 Dec;38(3):737-749.
- Olguin-Perglione C, Vissani MA, Alamos F, Tordoya MS, Barrandeguy M. Multifocal outbreak of equine influenza in vaccinated horses in Argentina in 2018: Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterisation of the involved virus strains.. Equine Vet J 2020 May;52(3):420-427.
- Paillot R, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Legrand L, Fougerolle S, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C. Florida clade 1 equine influenza virus in France.. Vet Rec 2019 Jan 19;184(3):101.
- Paillot R, Grimmett H, Elton D, Daly JM. Protection, systemic IFNgamma, and antibody responses induced by an ISCOM-based vaccine against a recent equine influenza virus in its natural host.. Vet Res 2008 May-Jun;39(3):21.
- . Equine influenza vaccine (inactivated) monograph 0249, 2-3-2-2-2. Haemagglutinin-inhibition test. European Pharmacopoeia 9th ed. Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare of the Council of Europe (EDQM); Strasbourg, France: 2017; p. 1052.
- . Equine Influenza: Chapter 3.5.7. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- . Equine influenza vaccine (inactivated) monograph 0249. European Pharmacopoeia 9th ed. Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare of the Council of Europe (EDQM); Strasbourg, France: 2017; pp. 1051–1053.
- Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
- Geeraedts F, Bungener L, Pool J, ter Veer W, Wilschut J, Huckriede A. Whole inactivated virus influenza vaccine is superior to subunit vaccine in inducing immune responses and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by DCs.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2008 Mar;2(2):41-51.
- Stoel M, Pool J, de Vries-Idema J, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, Bijl M, Andeweg AC, Wilschut J, Huckriede A. Innate responses induced by whole inactivated virus or subunit influenza vaccines in cultured dendritic cells correlate with immune responses in vivo.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125228.
- Budimir N, Huckriede A, Meijerhof T, Boon L, Gostick E, Price DA, Wilschut J, de Haan A. Induction of heterosubtypic cross-protection against influenza by a whole inactivated virus vaccine: the role of viral membrane fusion activity.. PLoS One 2012;7(1):e30898.
- Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Gerhard W. A viral polymerase involved in recognition of influenza virus-infected cells by a cytotoxic T-cell clone.. Nature 1982 Mar 4;296(5852):75-6.
- Townsend AR, Skehel JJ. The influenza A virus nucleoprotein gene controls the induction of both subtype specific and cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells.. J Exp Med 1984 Aug 1;160(2):552-63.
- Doherty PC, Kelso A. Toward a broadly protective influenza vaccine.. J Clin Invest 2008 Oct;118(10):3273-5.
Citations
This article has been cited 0 times.Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
