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Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Protective immune response against Rhodococcus equi: An inna...
Equine veterinary journal2024; doi: 10.1111/evj.14214

Protective immune response against Rhodococcus equi: An innate immunity-focused review.

Abstract: Rhodococcus equi causes pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals and immunocompromised people. Despite decades of research efforts, no vaccine is available against this common cause of disease and death in foals. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarise the current understanding of interactions between R. equi and the host innate immune system, to describe features of the immune response that are associated with resistance or susceptibility to R. equi infection, and help guide strategies for developing novel approaches for preventing R. equi infections. Virulence of R. equi in foals has been attributed to the virulence associated protein A which allows intracellular survival in macrophages by preventing acidification of R. equi-containing vacuole. Additionally, foal susceptibility to R. equi infection is associated with immaturity and naivety of innate and adaptive immune systems, while adult horses with fully functional immune system are resistant to pneumonia. Specific interaction between R. equi and innate immune cells can result in bacterial survival or death; learning how to manipulate these responses to control infection is critical to prevent pneumonia in foals. Administration of live vaccines and stimulation of innate immune responses appears to improve foals' immune response and has the potential to overcome the challenges of foal active vaccination and elicit protection against pneumonia.
© 2024 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2024-09-11 PubMed ID: 39258739DOI: 10.1111/evj.14214Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores Rhodococcus equi’s interaction with the host’s innate immune system and how this understanding can be used to develop strategies for protecting against R. equi infections, a common cause of pneumonia in foals and immunocompromised individuals.

Understanding Rhodococcus equi and the Immune System

  • The bacteria Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) is recognized for causing pyogranulomatous pneumonia, primarily in young horse offsprings and people whose immune systems are compromised.
  • The article discusses the manner by which R. equi interacts with the host’s innate immune system, as understanding this can help researchers figure out how to treat and prevent R. equi infections.

Key Features of R. equi Infections

  • The study brings attention to certain factors that make an organism more vulnerable to R. equi. Specifically, it notes that foals are susceptible to R. equi infections due to their immature and naive innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • Conversely, adult horses that have fully functional immune systems can resist R. equi infections and generally don’t exhibit pneumonia.

Role of Virulence Associated Protein A in R. equi Infections

  • The virulence of R. equi in foals is majorly attributed to the so-called virulence associated protein A. This protein enables R. equi to survive inside macrophages by preventing the acidification of the vacuole encapsulating R. equi.
  • This capability makes the prevention and treatment of R. equi extremely challenging, and thus has become a primary subject of the study.

Manipulating Immune Responses against R. equi

  • The research emphasizes the importance of learning to manipulate these specific immune responses against R. equi. Such strategies could significantly improve control of R. equi infections and prevent pneumonia in foals.
  • Insofar as prevention is concerned, the research explores how administration of live vaccines and stimulation of innate immune responses might boost the foal’s immune response to combat R. equi.

Cite This Article

APA
da Silveira BP, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD, Watson RO, Bordin AI. (2024). Protective immune response against Rhodococcus equi: An innate immunity-focused review. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14214

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

da Silveira, Bibiana Petri
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.
Cohen, Noah D
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.
Lawhon, Sara D
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.
Watson, Robert O
  • Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, School of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA.
Bordin, Angela I
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.

Grant Funding

  • Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation
  • 2023-67015-39097 / National Institute of Food and Agriculture
  • Link Equine Research Endowment
  • Glenn Blodgett Chair in Equine Studies (NCD)

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Zanilabdin M, Ilgekbayeva G, Otarbayev B, Nissanova R, Mussayeva G, Takai S, Suzuki Y, Kakuda T, Kurman S, Kassymov Y, Valiyeva B. Integrated molecular and serological survey of Rhodococcus equi in horses from three regions of Kazakhstan. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1650186.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1650186pubmed: 41195079google scholar: lookup
  2. da Silveira BP, Kahn SK, Legere RM, Bray JM, Cole-Pfeiffer HM, Golding MC, Cohen ND, Bordin AI. Enteral immunization with live bacteria reprograms innate immune cells and protects neonatal foals from pneumonia. Sci Rep 2025 May 25;15(1):18156.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-02060-5pubmed: 40415003google scholar: lookup
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