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BMC veterinary research2025; 21(1); 67; doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04518-0

Proteomic analysis emphasizes the adaptation of energy metabolism in horses during endurance races.

Abstract: Long-term aerobic exercise during endurance racing places high demands on equine homeostasis. This study aimed to use proteomic analysis to elucidate complex biological responses during endurance exercise. It was hypothesized that different serum proteome changes would be noted, reflecting physiological processes as a response to race. The serum has been taken before and after an 80 km race from 13 endurance horses. Proteomic analysis of samples has been performed by TMT-based quantitative method. Apolipoprotein and haptoglobin values have been validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biochemical assay respectively. The difference in protein abundance between pre and post-race values has been determined. Results: In serum samples, 10 master proteins with significant p value differences between pre- and post-race abundances were detected. Increased protein abundance after the race was noted for the apolipoprotein groups: ApoA IV and E, Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4), transferrin, and antithrombin-III. Decreases in apolipoprotein C-II, C-III and R, alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor protein (AMBP) and haptoglobin abundance were reported after the race compared to before the race. Gene Ontology analysis revealed changes in triglyceride and acylglycerol homeostasis, lipid localization regulation, triglyceride catabolic processes, cholesterol binding, antioxidant activity and several cellular components. Conclusions: The endurance race caused several homeostatic imbalances characterized by various alterations in serum protein levels. The most pronounced changes emphasize the adaptation of energy metabolism to a more pronounced consumption of lipids.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-02-15 PubMed ID: 39955578PubMed Central: PMC11830206DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04518-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study aims to analyze the effects of strenuous long-term aerobic exercise, specifically endurance racing, on the energy metabolism adaptation in horses. This investigation involves notably fluctuating serum protein levels before and after a race and provides insights into its role in maintaining physiological balance.

Methodology and Procedure

In order to monitor the alterations in horse physiology during the endurance race, the researchers:

  • Collected serum samples from 13 endurance horses before and after an 80-km race.
  • Conducted a proteomic analysis of these samples using a TMT-based quantitative method.
  • Validated the apolipoprotein and haptoglobin values in the serum through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biochemical assay respectively.
  • Tracked difference in protein abundance between pre- and post-race values.

Results

The research findings include:

  • Identification of 10 core proteins with significant differences in their pre- and post-race abundance levels in the serum samples.
  • Post-race increase in protein abundance for the apolipoprotein groups (ApoA IV and E), Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4), transferrin, and antithrombin-III.
  • Post-race decrease in apolipoprotein C-II, C-III and R, alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor protein (AMBP), and haptoglobin abundance.
  • The Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated changes in areas such as triglyceride and acylglycerol homeostasis, lipid localization regulation, triglyceride catabolic processes, cholesterol binding, and antioxidant activity.

Conclusion

The endurance race bred several homeostatic imbalances marked by notable alterations in the levels of serum proteins. The most remarkable changes highlight the kind of adaptation that a horse’s energy metabolism undergoes, shifting towards consuming lipids more proficiently. These findings provide a matter-of-fact understanding of horse physiology under stress and could potentially guide better endurance race preparation and recovery strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Gotić J, Špelić L, Kuleš J, Horvatić A, Gelemanović A, Ljubić BB, Mrljak V, Bottegaro NB. (2025). Proteomic analysis emphasizes the adaptation of energy metabolism in horses during endurance races. BMC Vet Res, 21(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04518-0

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 67
PII: 67

Researcher Affiliations

Gotić, Jelena
  • Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. jselanec@vef.hr.
Špelić, Luka
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Kuleš, Josipa
  • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Horvatić, Anita
  • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Gelemanović, Andrea
  • Mediterranean Institute for Life Science (MedILS), University of Split, Split, Croatia.
Ljubić, Blanka Beer
  • Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Mrljak, Vladimir
  • Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Bottegaro, Nika Brkljača
  • Clinic for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / physiology
  • Energy Metabolism / physiology
  • Proteomics
  • Physical Endurance / physiology
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Male
  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Haptoglobins / metabolism
  • Haptoglobins / analysis
  • Female
  • Proteome / metabolism
  • Apolipoproteins / metabolism
  • Apolipoproteins / blood

Grant Funding

  • 4135 / Croatian Science Foundation
  • 4135 / Croatian Science Foundation
  • 4135 / Croatian Science Foundation
  • 4135 / Croatian Science Foundation
  • 4135 / Croatian Science Foundation
  • 621394 / European Commission FP7
  • 621394 / European Commission FP7
  • 621394 / European Commission FP7
  • 621394 / European Commission FP7
  • 621394 / European Commission FP7

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and approved by The Committee for Ethics in Veterinary Medicine at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia (Permit Number: 640–01/20–17/26;251–61-41–20-01). All animal owners provided a written informed consent to participate in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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