Pulmonary inflammation due to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred colts during race training.
Abstract: This study investigated the putative roles of inflammation and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Two-year-old Thoroughbred colts (n=37) were exercised on a racetrack for 5months before commencement of the study. Each colt was then exercised at 15-16m/s over 800-1000m and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 24h later. The colts were subsequently divided into two groups on the basis of BALF analysis; an EIPH-positive group (presence of haemosiderophages, n=23) and an EIPH-negative group (absence of haemosiderophages, n=14). BALF from the EIPH-positive group had a significantly higher protein concentration (0.39±0.28 vs. 0.19±0.12mg/mL, P=0.031), higher PAF bioactivity (0.18±0.12 vs. 0.043±0.05 340:380nm ratio, P=0.042) and a higher lipid hydroperoxide concentration compared to the EIPH-negative group. There was also a lower nitrite concentration and reduced production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by alveolar macrophages in the EIPH-positive group. There was evidence of pulmonary inflammation and a decreased innate immune response of alveolar macrophages in EIPH-positive colts compared with the EIPH-negative group.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2011-11-24 PubMed ID: 22108190DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.009Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research article revolved around understanding the roles of inflammation and a biological factor called platelet-activating factor (PAF) in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), a condition that results in bleeding in the lungs, in Thoroughbred colts during race training.
Methodology and Experimental Groups
- The subject of the study was a group of two-year-old Thoroughbred colts (37 in number) which had undergone race training for 5 months on a racetrack before the start of the study.
- Post the training, each colt was made to exercise at a speed of 15-16m/s over a distance of 800-1000m. Following the exercise, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from each colt after a duration of 24 hours.
- Based on the analysis of BALF, the colts were divided into two groups; an EIPH-positive group (23 colts showing the presence of haemosiderophages indicating EIPH) and an EIPH-negative group (14 colts which did not show the presence of haemosiderophages).
Results and Findings of the Study
- The analysis of the BALF showed some significant differences between the two groups. The EIPH-positive group had a higher protein concentration, higher PAF bioactivity, and a higher lipid hydroperoxide concentration as compared to the EIPH-negative group.
- The EIPH-positive group also showed a lower nitrite concentration and a reduction in the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by alveolar macrophages. These macrophages are an essential part of the immune system in the lungs and their altered functionality may be pointing toward the EIPH condition.
- The study found evidence of pulmonary inflammation and a decreased innate immune response of alveolar macrophages in the EIPH-positive colts as compared to the EIPH-negative group.
Conclusion of the Study
- The conclusions drawn by the researchers from this study indicated changes in certain biological markers (like higher protein and PAF bioactivity, lower nitrite concentration) and inflammation in the lungs in the EIPH-positive group. They linked these changes to the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the colts.
Cite This Article
APA
Michelotto PV, Muehlmann LA, Zanatta AL, Bieberbach EWR, Kryczyk M, Fernandes LC, Nishiyama A.
(2011).
Pulmonary inflammation due to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred colts during race training.
Vet J, 190(2), e3-e6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.009 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, PR 80242-980, Brazil. Electronic address: michelottojunior@yahoo.com.br.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Hemorrhage / etiology
- Hemorrhage / metabolism
- Hemorrhage / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / etiology
- Horse Diseases / metabolism
- Horses
- Inflammation / etiology
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Lung Diseases / etiology
- Lung Diseases / metabolism
- Lung Diseases / veterinary
- Macrophages, Alveolar / metabolism
- Male
- Oxidative Stress
- Physical Conditioning, Animal / adverse effects
- Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
- Platelet Activating Factor / metabolism
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Rogers CJ, Harman RJ, Bunnell BA, Schreiber MA, Xiang C, Wang FS, Santidrian AF, Minev BR. Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients. J Transl Med 2020 May 18;18(1):203.
- Poole DC, Erickson HH. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: where are we now?. Vet Med (Auckl) 2016;7:133-148.
- da Silva KM, Otaka JNP, Gonçalves CAP, Silva EGA, de Alencar NX, Lessa DAB. Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease in polo ponies. J Equine Sci 2017;28(2):55-59.
- Bozzola C, Sala G, Stancari G, Ferrucci F, Zucca E. Comparison Between Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for the Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Racehorses Affected by Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage. Animals (Basel) 2025 Sep 5;15(17).
- Lendl L, Barton AK. Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and Difficulties in Diagnosing Subclinical Disease. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 4;14(23).
- Woodrow JS, Hopster K, Palmisano M, Payette F, Kulp J, Stefanovski D, Nolen-Walston R. Time to resolution of airway inflammation caused by bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Sep-Oct;38(5):2776-2782.
- Hostetter SJ, Clark SK, Gilbertie JM, Wiechert SA, Jones DE, Sponseller BA. Age-related variation in the cellular composition of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2017 Jun;46(2):344-353.
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