FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2015; 57(1); 17; doi: 10.1186/s13028-015-0107-1

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses.

Abstract: Training of Standardbred race horses aims to improve cardiovascular and metabolic functions but studies on the effects of different training strategies from breaking till racing are lacking. Sixteen horses with the goal to race as 3-year-olds were studied from breaking (1-year-olds) to December as 3-year-olds. Horses were allocated to either a control (C) or reduced (R) training program from 2 years of age. The aim was to evaluate the effect of reducing the distance of high intensity exercise by 30% with respect to velocity at lactate concentration 4 mmol/l (VLa4), blood lactate and cardiovascular response. All training sessions were documented and heart rate (HR) was recorded. A standardized exercise test of 1,600 m was performed 10 times and a VLa4 test was performed five times. Results: C horses initially exercised for a longer time with a HR >180 beats per minute compared to R horses (P 180 bpm decreased in C and were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05). Over the 2-year period, recovery HR after the 1,600 m-test decreased in both groups but was within 2 months lower in C than in R (P < 0.05). C horses also had lower resting HR as 3-year-olds (P < 0.01) than R horses. In C, post exercise hematocrit was higher than in R (P < 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.1) towards a larger aortic diameter in C as 3-year-olds (C: 1.75 ± 0.05, R: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm/100 kg BW). Left ventricle diameter and blood volume (in December as 2-year-olds) did not differ between groups. There were no differences between groups in post exercise blood lactate concentration or in VLa4. Both groups were equally successful in reaching the goal of participation in races. Conclusions: Horses subjected to a reduced distance of high intensity training from the age of 2 showed an attenuated heart rate response, but were able to maintain the same VLa4 and race participation as horses subjected to longer training distances.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-03-20 PubMed ID: 25884463PubMed Central: PMC4389305DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0107-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research studied the effects of two different training programs on the heart rates of Standardbred race horses. It found that a reduced high intensity training had no effect on one key factor, but did lower the horse’s heart rate.

Objective and Methodology

  • The research aimed to investigate the impacts of varied training programs on Standardbred horses, particularly focusing on cardiovascular response and metabolic functions. This was done in response to a lack of studies concerning different training strategies from a horse’s breaking period until racing.
  • 16 horses with the intention of racing as 3-year-olds were observed from their breaking as 1-year-olds until December when they were 3. The horses were divided into two groups for either a standard (Control/C) or a reduced intensity (Reduced/R) training program from their second year of age.
  • The key aim was to evaluate the implications of lowering the high intense exercise distance by 30% on the horse’s velocity at lactate concentration 4 mmol/l (VLa4), blood lactate, and cardiovascular response.
  • All training activities were recorded, and heart rates were closely monitored during these sessions. Tests were conducted, including a 1,600 m exercise and a VLa4 assessment.

Findings

  • Initial results showed horses in the control group exercised longer with a higher heart rate than those in the reduced training program. However, this difference lessened after 6-9 months, resulting in no significant difference in heart rate during exercising between the two groups.
  • Across the 2-year observation period, recovery heart rates post the 1,600 m test decreased in both sets of horses. The control group demonstrated lower recovery heart rates within two months, a faster rate than the reduced group.
  • Horses in the control group also had significantly lower resting heart rates at three years old than the horses following a reduced training program.
  • Other significant findings included higher post-exercise hematocrit—ratio of volume of red cells to total volume of blood—in the control group, indicating better rehydration, and a greater aortic diameter, which may signify a more efficient cardiovascular system.
  • There was no difference in left ventricle diameter, blood volume, post exercise blood lactate concentration or VLa4 between the two groups. Both training groups showed a similar level of success in race participation.

Conclusion

  • The findings suggested that horses subjected to a reduced high intensity training exhibited a lower heart rate response but managed to maintain the same VLa4 and race participation rates as horses undergoing longer training sessions.
  • This supports that reductions in high-intensity training distance may have a positive impact on the horse’s cardiovascular response without affecting other aspects of their performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Ringmark S, Lindholm A, Hedenström U, Lindinger M, Dahlborn K, Kvart C, Jansson A. (2015). Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses. Acta Vet Scand, 57(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-015-0107-1

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 1
Pages: 17
PII: 17

Researcher Affiliations

Ringmark, Sara
  • Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. Sara.Ringmark@slu.se.
Lindholm, Arne
  • Vetteam AB, SE-81591, Tierp, Sweden. Anna.Jansson@slu.se.
Hedenström, Ulf
  • Swedish Centre for Trotting Education, Wången, SE-83040, Alsen, Sweden. ulf.hedenstrom@wangen.se.
Lindinger, Michael
  • Lindenfarne Horse Park, Campbellville, Toronto, ON, L0P 1B0, Canada. mi.lindinger@gmail.com.
Dahlborn, Kristina
  • Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. Kristina.Dahlborn@slu.se.
Kvart, Clarence
  • Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. Clarence.Kvart@slu.se.
Jansson, Anna
  • Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. Anna.Jansson@slu.se.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
  • Heart Rate
  • Horses / physiology
  • Lactic Acid / blood
  • Male
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal

References

This article includes 57 references
  1. Couroucé A, Chatard JC, Auvinet B. Estimation of performance potential of standardbred trotters from blood lactate concentrations measured in field conditions.. Equine Vet J 1997 Sep;29(5):365-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03140.xpubmed: 9306062google scholar: lookup
  2. Leleu C, Cotrel C, Barrey B. Relationships between biomechanical variables and race performance in French Standardbred trotters.. Livest Prod Sci 2005;92:39–46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.07.019google scholar: lookup
  3. Lindner AE. Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200.. J Anim Sci 2010 Mar;88(3):950-4.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2241pubmed: 19933440google scholar: lookup
  4. Evans DL. Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and training.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985 Dec;1(3):513-31.
    pubmed: 3877552doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30748-4google scholar: lookup
  5. Snow DH, Valberg SJ. Muscle anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training.. 1994. pp. 145–79.
  6. Lindholm A, Saltin B. The physiological and biochemical response of standardbred horses to exercise of varying speed and duration.. Acta Vet Scand 1974;15(3):310-24.
    pmc: PMC8407319pubmed: 4416409doi: 10.1186/bf03547461google scholar: lookup
  7. Dyson PK, Jackson BF, Pfeiffer DU, Price JS. Days lost from training by two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred horses: a survey of seven UK training yards.. Equine Vet J 2008 Nov;40(7):650-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X363242pubmed: 19165934google scholar: lookup
  8. Vigre H, Chriél M, Hesselholt M, Falk-Rønne J, Kjaer Ersbøll A. Risk factors for the hazard of lameness in Danish Standardbred trotters.. Prev Vet Med 2002 Dec 18;56(2):105-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00158-7pubmed: 12450683google scholar: lookup
  9. Cogger N, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, Reid SW, Evans DL. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Apr 17;74(1):36-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.005pubmed: 16481055google scholar: lookup
  10. Estberg L, Gardner IA, Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Case JT, Ardans A. Cumulative racing-speed exercise distance clusters as risk factor for fatal musculoskeletal injury in thoroughbred racehorses in California.. Prev Vet Med 1995;24:253–63.
    doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(95)00489-Jgoogle scholar: lookup
  11. Hamlin MJ, Hopkins WG. Retrospective trainer-reported incidence and predictors of health and training-related problems in standardbred racehorses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2003;23:443–52.
    doi: 10.1053/j.jevs.2003.08.023google scholar: lookup
  12. Ringmark S, Roepstorff L, Essén-Gustavsson B, Revold T, Lindholm A, Hedenström U, Rundgren M, Ogren G, Jansson A. Growth, training response and health in Standardbred yearlings fed a forage-only diet.. Animal 2013 May;7(5):746-53.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731112002261pubmed: 23228709google scholar: lookup
  13. Gaustad G, Kjaersgaard P, Dolvik NI. Lameness in 3-year-old standard-bred trotters influence of parameters determined during the first year of life.. J Equine Vet Sci 1995;15:233–9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(07)80469-2google scholar: lookup
  14. Arnason T. Genetic evaluation of Swedish standard-bred trotters for racing performance traits and racing status.. J Anim Breed Gen 1999;116:387–98.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.1999.00202.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Swedish Trotting Association Database. [www.travsport.se]
  16. Blodbanken Database. [www.blodbanken.nu]
  17. Arnason T. Genetic evaluations, genetic trends and inbreeding in Scandinavian trotter populations. Annual meeting of EAAP; 29 August - 2 September Stavanger, Norway. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2011; p. 132.
  18. Collinder E. Födelsetidens inverkan på travhästars avelsvärde.. Sv Vet Tidning 1999;15:703–5.
  19. Saastamoinen MT, Ojala MJ. Influence of birth-month on age at 1st start and racing performance in young trotters.. Acta Agr Scand 1991;41:437–45.
    doi: 10.1080/00015129109439926google scholar: lookup
  20. Dalin G, Magnusson LE, Thafvelin BC. Retrospective study of hindquarter asymmetry in standardbred trotters and its correlation with performance.. Equine Vet J 1985;17:292–6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02501.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Magnusson LE, Thafvelin B. Studies on the conformation and related traits of standard-bred trotters in Sweden.. J Anim Breed Gen 1990;107:135–48.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1990.tb00019.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Muscle fibre characteristics of active and inactive standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J 1985 Nov;17(6):434-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02549.xpubmed: 4076157google scholar: lookup
  23. Stefansdottir GJ, Ragnarsson S, Jansson A. A comparison of a portable blood lactate analyser and laboratory plasma analysis of blood samples from exercised horses.. Comp Exerc Physiol 2012;8:227–31.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP13002google scholar: lookup
  24. Marlin D, Nankervis K. Equine exercie physiology.. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Ltd.; 2002.
  25. Ronéus N, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Eriksson Y. Plasma lactate response to submaximal and maximal exercise tests with training, and its relationship to performance and muscle characteristics in standardbred trotters.. Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):117-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04348.xpubmed: 8575372google scholar: lookup
  26. Persson SGB. Evaluation of exercise tolerance and fitness in the performance horse.. In: Snow DH, Persson SGB, Rose RJ, editors. Proceedings of the first international conference on equine exercise physiology 22–24 September 1983; Oxford. Cambridge: Granta Editions; 1983. pp. 441–57.
  27. Lindinger MI, Ecker GL. Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte-supplemented horses.. Exp Physiol 2013 Jan;98(1):193-206.
    doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.065185pubmed: 22581743google scholar: lookup
  28. Patteson MW. Equine cardiology.. New Jersey, United States: Blackwell science LTD; 1996.
  29. Jansson A, Dahlborn K. Effects of feeding frequency and voluntary salt intake on fluid and electrolyte regulation in athletic horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999 May;86(5):1610-6.
    pubmed: 10233125doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1610google scholar: lookup
  30. McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Schmall LM, Muir WW 3rd. Renal tubular function in horses during submaximal exercise.. Am J Physiol 1991 Sep;261(3 Pt 2):R553-60.
    pubmed: 1832267doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.3.r553google scholar: lookup
  31. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  32. NRC. Nutrient requirements of horses.. Washington D.C: The National Academies press; 2007.
  33. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, Rose RJ. Effects of training on the development of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Jun;58(6):653-7.
    pubmed: 9185975
  34. Lykkeboe G, Schugaard H, Johansen K. Training and exercise change respiratory properties of blood in race horses.. Respir Physiol 1977 May;29(3):315-25.
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(77)90006-8pubmed: 882730google scholar: lookup
  35. Ohmura H, Matsui A, Hada T, Jones JH. Physiological responses of young thoroughbred horses to intermittent high-intensity treadmill training.. Acta Vet Scand 2013 Aug 17;55(1):59.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-59pmc: PMC3765425pubmed: 23957961google scholar: lookup
  36. Evans DL, Rose RJ. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse.. Pflugers Arch 1988 Mar;411(3):316-21.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00585121pubmed: 3380644google scholar: lookup
  37. Persson S. On blood volume and working capacity in horses. Studies of methodology and physiological and pathological variations.. Acta Vet Scand 1967;:Suppl 19:9-189.
    pubmed: 4863601
  38. Essén-Gustavsson B, McMiken D, Karlström K, Lindholm A, Persson S, Thornton J. Muscular adaptation of horses during intensive training and detraining.. Equine Vet J 1989 Jan;21(1):27-33.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02085.xpubmed: 2920697google scholar: lookup
  39. Ronéus M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SG. Skeletal muscle characteristics in young trained and untrained standardbred trotters.. Equine Vet J 1992 Jul;24(4):292-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02838.xpubmed: 1499537google scholar: lookup
  40. Buhl R, Ersbøll AK. Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012 Jan 15;240(2):205-12.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.240.2.205pubmed: 22217030google scholar: lookup
  41. Kinoshita N, Mimura J, Obayashi C, Katsukawa F, Onishi S, Yamazaki H. Aortic root dilatation among young competitive athletes: echocardiographic screening of 1929 athletes between 15 and 34 years of age.. Am Heart J 2000 Apr;139(4):723-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90055-3pubmed: 10740158google scholar: lookup
  42. Thomas DP, Fregin GF, Gerber NH, Ailes NB. Effects of training on cardiorespiratory function in the horse.. Am J Physiol 1983 Aug;245(2):R160-5.
    pubmed: 6881374doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1983.245.2.r160google scholar: lookup
  43. Gottlieb-Vedi M, Persson S, Erickson H, Korbutiak E. Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic effects of interval training at VLA4.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1995 May;42(3):165-75.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00368.xpubmed: 8578895google scholar: lookup
  44. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining, and detraining in horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996 Nov;81(5):2244-9.
    pubmed: 8941551doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2244google scholar: lookup
  45. Lindner A, López RA, Durante E, Hernandez H, Botta V, Sadaba S, Boffi FM. Effect of conditioning horses every third day at v10 on measures of fitness.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011 Jun;95(3):286-93.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01053.xpubmed: 20880285google scholar: lookup
  46. Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of Sport and Exercise.. 5. Champaign, IL, USA: Human kinetics; 2012.
  47. Betros CL, McKeever NM, Manso Filho HC, Malinowski K, McKeever KH. Effect of training on intrinsic and resting heart rate and plasma volume in young and old horses.. Comp Exerc Physiol 2013;9:43–50.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP12020google scholar: lookup
  48. Bayly WM, Gabel AA, Barr SA. Cardiovascular effects of submaximal aerobic training on a treadmill in Standardbred horses, using a standardized exercise test.. Am J Vet Res 1983 Apr;44(4):544-53.
    pubmed: 6869950
  49. Roberts CA, Marlin DJ, Lekeux P. The effects of training on ventilation and blood gases in exercising thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):57-61.
    pubmed: 10659223doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05189.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  50. Von Wittke P, Lindner A, Deegen E, Sommer H. Effects of training on blood lactate-running speed relationship in thoroughbred racehorses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Jul;77(1):298-302.
    pubmed: 7961248doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.298google scholar: lookup
  51. Dubreucq C, Chatard JC, Courouce A, Auvinet B. Reproducibility of a standardised exercise test for Standardbred trotters under field conditions.. Equine Vet J 1995;27:108–12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04900.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  52. Couroucé A, Geffroy O, Barrey E, Auvinet B, Rose RJ. Comparison of exercise tests in French trotters under training track, racetrack and treadmill conditions.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):528-32.
    pubmed: 10659312doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05278.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  53. Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SG. Circulatory and muscle metabolic responses to draught work compared to increasing trotting velocities.. Equine Vet J 1988 Nov;20(6):430-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01567.xpubmed: 3215169google scholar: lookup
  54. Art T, Lekeux P. Training-induced modifications in cardiorespiratory and ventilatory measurements in thoroughbred horses.. Equine Vet J 1993 Nov;25(6):532-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb03008.xpubmed: 8276002google scholar: lookup
  55. Butler PJ, Woakes LS, Andersson LS, Smale K, Roberts CA, Snow DH. The effect of cessation of training on cardiorespiratory variables during exercise.. In: Persson SGB, Lindholm A, Jeffcott LB, editors. Equine Exercise Physiology 3. Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications; 1991. pp. 71–6.
  56. Thornton J, Essen-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, McMiken D, Persson S. Effects of training and detraining on oxygen uptake, cardiac output, blood gas tensions, pH and lactate concentrations during and after exercise in the horse.. In: Snow DH, Persson SGB, Rose RJ, editors. Proceedings of the first international conference on equine exercise physiology 22–24 September 1983; Oxford. Cambridge: Granta Editions; 1983. pp. 470–86.
  57. Mukai K, Ohmura H, Hiraga A, Eto D, Takahashi T, Asai Y, Jones JH. Effect of detraining on cardiorespiratory variables in young thoroughbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):210-3.
    pubmed: 17402420doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05541.xgoogle scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Lindner A, Esser M, López R, Boffi F. Relationship between Resting and Recovery Heart Rate in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jan 11;10(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10010120pubmed: 31940806google scholar: lookup
  2. Connysson M, Rhodin M, Jansson A. Effects of Horse Housing System on Energy Balance during Post-Exercise Recovery. Animals (Basel) 2019 Nov 14;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9110976pubmed: 31739646google scholar: lookup
  3. Zakari FO, Ayo JO, Rekwot PI, Kawu MU, Minka NS. Diurnal rhythms of heart and respiratory rates in donkeys of different age groups during the cold-dry and hot-dry seasons in a tropical savannah. Physiol Rep 2018 Sep;6(17):e13855.
    doi: 10.14814/phy2.13855pubmed: 30187687google scholar: lookup
  4. Stefánsdóttir GJ, Gunnarsson V, Roepstorff L, Ragnarsson S, Jansson A. The effect of rider weight and additional weight in Icelandic horses in tölt: part I. Physiological responses. Animal 2017 Sep;11(9):1558-1566.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731117000556pubmed: 28320488google scholar: lookup
  5. Wang T, Yang X, Ren W, Meng J, Yao X, Chu H, Yao R, Zhai M, Zeng Y. Multi-Omics Deciphers Divergent Mechanisms in Differentially Cardiac-Remodeled Yili Horses Under Conditions of Equivalent Power Output. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 9;15(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15223251pubmed: 41301959google scholar: lookup
  6. Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Vichitkraivin S, Pakdeelikhit S, Chotiyothin W, Wongkosoljit S, Wonghanchao T, Chanda M. A structured exercise regimen enhances autonomic function compared to unstructured physical activities in geriatric horses. Sci Rep 2025 Jan 20;15(1):2493.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86679-4pubmed: 39833241google scholar: lookup
  7. Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Widgren A, Jansson A. A proteomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024 Oct 10;14(1):23684.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75266-8pubmed: 39390056google scholar: lookup
  8. Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Jansson A. A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses. Sci Rep 2024 Jan 25;14(1):2139.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52188-zpubmed: 38273017google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,151 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.