FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Tissue Eng Regen Med / Regenerative Strategies in Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Inj...
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine2023; 20(6); 839-877; doi: 10.1007/s13770-023-00559-4

Regenerative Strategies in Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Different Animal Models.

Abstract: Peripheral nerve damage mainly resulted from traumatic or infectious causes; the main signs of a damaged nerve are the loss of sensory and/or motor functions. The injured nerve has limited regenerative capacity and is recovered by the body itself, the recovery process depends on the severity of damage to the nerve, nowadays the use of stem cells is one of the new and advanced methods for treatment of these problems. Following our review, data are collected from different databases "Google scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and PubMed" using different keywords such as Peripheral nerve damage, Radial Nerve, Sciatic Nerve, Animals, Nerve regeneration, and Stem cell to investigate the different methods taken in consideration for regeneration of PNI. This review contains tables illustrating all forms and types of regenerative medicine used in treatment of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) including different types of stem cells " adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, Human umbilical cord stem cells, embryonic stem cells" and their effect on re-constitution and functional recovery of the damaged nerve which evaluated by physical, histological, Immuno-histochemical, biochemical evaluation, and the review illuminated the best regenerative strategies help in rapid peripheral nerve regeneration in different animal models included horse, dog, cat, sheep, monkey, pig, mice and rat. Old surgical attempts such as neurorrhaphy, autogenic nerve transplantation, and Schwann cell implantation have a limited power of recovery in cases of large nerve defects. Stem cell therapy including mesenchymal stromal cells has a high potential differentiation capacity to renew and form a new nerve and also restore its function.
© 2023. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-08-12 PubMed ID: 37572269PubMed Central: PMC10519924DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00559-4Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research review explores different regenerative strategies for treating damaged peripheral nerves using stem cells and evaluates their effectiveness in various animal models.

Research Methodology

The authors conducted an extensive review of several databases to gather relevant research data. The databases included Google Scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and PubMed. The keywords used for the search included terms related to peripheral nerve damage, such as Radial Nerve, Sciatic Nerve, Animals, Nerve regeneration, and Stem cell.

  • The goal was to examine the various methods considered for the regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI).

Findings from the Review

The review presented several tables that demonstrated various forms of regenerative medicine used in the treatment of PNI. Notably, different types of stem cells: adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, Human umbilical cord stem cells, and embryonic stem cells were found to be particularly effective in the healing process of damaged nerves.

  • These stem cells contributed to the reconstitution and functional recovery of the damaged nerve which was evaluated using physical, histological, Immuno-histochemical, and biochemical evaluations.
  • The study shone light on the best regenerative strategies that assist in rapid peripheral nerve regeneration in different animal models such as horses, dogs, cats, sheep, monkeys, pigs, mice, and rats.

Conclusions from the Research

Traditional surgical methods such as neurorrhaphy, autogenic nerve transplantation, and Schwann cell implantation have limits in their power of recovery, especially in cases of large nerve defects. However, stem cell therapy, particularly those using mesenchymal stromal cells, have shown to have a high potential for differentiation, providing an opportunity to renew and form new nerves and restore their function.

  • Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, going beyond the limitations of old surgical attempts.

Cite This Article

APA
Khaled MM, Ibrahium AM, Abdelgalil AI, El-Saied MA, El-Bably SH. (2023). Regenerative Strategies in Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Different Animal Models. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 20(6), 839-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-023-00559-4

Publication

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
ISSN: 2212-5469
NlmUniqueID: 101699923
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Pages: 839-877

Researcher Affiliations

Khaled, Mona M
  • Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt. mona.mohamed@vet.cu.edu.eg.
Ibrahium, Asmaa M
  • Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
Abdelgalil, Ahmed I
  • Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
El-Saied, Mohamed A
  • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
El-Bably, Samah H
  • Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Rats
  • Mice
  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Sheep
  • Swine
  • Peripheral Nerve Injuries / therapy
  • Peripheral Nerve Injuries / pathology
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / methods
  • Sciatic Nerve / injuries
  • Schwann Cells / pathology
  • Nerve Regeneration / physiology
  • Models, Animal

Conflict of Interest Statement

There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

This article includes 150 references
  1. Rodríguez Sánchez DN. Canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells enhance neuroregeneration in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury.. Cell Transpl 2019;28:47–54.
    doi: 10.1177/0963689718809045pmc: PMC6322136pubmed: 30369261google scholar: lookup
  2. Campbell WW. Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury.. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119:1951–1965.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.018pubmed: 18482862google scholar: lookup
  3. Li Z. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-loaded amniotic membrane for the repair of radial nerve injury.. Neural Regen Res 2013;8:3441.
    pmc: PMC4146003pubmed: 25206667
  4. Chuang M-H. Regenerative potential of platelet-rich fibrin releasate combined with adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a rat sciatic nerve injury model.. Cell Transpl 2020;29:0963689720919438.
    doi: 10.1177/0963689720919438pmc: PMC7586258pubmed: 32538130google scholar: lookup
  5. Zack-Williams SD, Butler PE, Kalaskar DM. Current progress in use of adipose derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration.. World J Stem Cells 2015;7:51.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.51pmc: PMC4300936pubmed: 25621105google scholar: lookup
  6. Al-Magsoosi HH, Al-Bayati HS, Al-Timmemi HA. immuno-hematological response to radial nerve injury and human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (Huc-MSCS) therapy in dogs.. IRAQ Biochem Cell Arch 2020;20:6447–6456.
  7. Bojanic C. Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration.. World J Stem Cells 2020;12:288.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i4.288pmc: PMC7202926pubmed: 32399137google scholar: lookup
  8. Liu G. Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve repair.. Int J Mol Med 2011;28:565–572.
    pubmed: 21687931
  9. Wagner W. Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood.. Exp Hematol 2005;33:1402–1416.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.07.003pubmed: 16263424google scholar: lookup
  10. Kingham PJ. Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro.. Exp Neurol 2007;207:267–274.
    doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.029pubmed: 17761164google scholar: lookup
  11. Jahromi M, Razavi S, Bakhtiari A. The advances in nerve tissue engineering: from fabrication of nerve conduit to in vivo nerve regeneration assays.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019;13:2077–2100.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2945pubmed: 31350868google scholar: lookup
  12. Nectow AR, Marra KG, Kaplan DL. Biomaterials for the development of peripheral nerve guidance conduits.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2012;18:40–50.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0240pmc: PMC3262974pubmed: 21812591google scholar: lookup
  13. Sundback CA. Biocompatibility analysis of poly (glycerol sebacate) as a nerve guide material.. Biomaterials 2005;26:5454–5464.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.004pubmed: 15860202google scholar: lookup
  14. Kornfeld T, Vogt PM, Radtke C. Nerve grafting for peripheral nerve injuries with extended defect sizes.. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2019;169:240.
    doi: 10.1007/s10354-018-0675-6pmc: PMC6538587pubmed: 30547373google scholar: lookup
  15. Kehoe S, Zhang X, Boyd D. FDA approved guidance conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve injury: a review of materials and efficacy.. Injury 2012;43:553–572.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.12.030pubmed: 21269624google scholar: lookup
  16. De Ruiter GC. Designing ideal conduits for peripheral nerve repair.. Neurosurg Focus 2009;26:E5.
    doi: 10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E5pmc: PMC2978041pubmed: 19435445google scholar: lookup
  17. Inkinen S. From lactic acid to poly (lactic acid)(PLA): characterization and analysis of PLA and its precursors.. Biomacromol 2011;12:523–532.
    doi: 10.1021/bm101302tpubmed: 21332178google scholar: lookup
  18. Li D. Human amnion tissue injected with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells repairs damaged sciatic nerves in rats.. Neural Regen Res 2012;7:1771.
    pmc: PMC4302525pubmed: 25624800
  19. Georgiou M. Engineered neural tissue with aligned, differentiated adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration across a critical sized defect in rat sciatic nerve.. Biomaterials 2015;37:242–251.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.009pubmed: 25453954google scholar: lookup
  20. Xue C. Joint use of a chitosan/PLGA scaffold and MSCs to bridge an extra large gap in dog sciatic nerve.. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012;26:96–106.
    doi: 10.1177/1545968311420444pubmed: 21947688google scholar: lookup
  21. Xue C. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived acellular matrix-coated chitosan/silk scaffolds for neural tissue regeneration.. J Mater Chem B 2017;5:1246–1257.
    doi: 10.1039/C6TB02959Kpubmed: 32263593google scholar: lookup
  22. Chen C. Testosterone propionate can promote effects of acellular nerve allograft-seeded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on repairing canine sciatic nerve.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019;13:1685–1701.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2922pubmed: 31267700google scholar: lookup
  23. Matsuse D. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells differentiate into functional Schwann cells that sustain peripheral nerve regeneration.. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010;69:973–985.
    doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181eff6dcpubmed: 20720501google scholar: lookup
  24. Gärtner A. Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and human mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model.. Neural Regen Res 2012;7:2247.
    pmc: PMC4268725pubmed: 25538746
  25. Burnett MG, Zager EL. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review.. Neurosurg Focus 2004;16:1–7.
    doi: 10.3171/foc.2004.16.5.2pubmed: 15174821google scholar: lookup
  26. Jacques L, Kline D. Response of the peripheral nerve to physical injury.. Neurosurgery: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice 2000:516–525.
  27. Ochoa J, Fowler T, Gilliatt RW. Anatomical changes in peripheral nerves compressed by a pneumatic tourniquet.. J Anat 1972;113:433.
    pmc: PMC1271414pubmed: 4197303
  28. Seddon H. Three types of nerve injury.. Brain 1943;66:237–288.
    doi: 10.1093/brain/66.4.237google scholar: lookup
  29. Sunderland S. Nerves and nerve in juries.. 1968.
  30. Sunderland SS. The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury.. Muscle Nerve Official J Am Assoc Electrodiagn Med 1990;13:771–784.
    pubmed: 2233864
  31. Zochodne D, Levy D. Nitric oxide in damage, disease and repair of the peripheral nervous system.. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy le Grand, France) 2005;51:255–267.
    pubmed: 16191393
  32. Seddighi A. Peripheral nerve injury: a review article.. Int Clin Neurosci J 2016;3:1–6.
  33. Waller AV. XX Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres.. Philos Trans Royal Soc London 1850;140:423–429.
    doi: 10.1098/rstl.1850.0021google scholar: lookup
  34. Seyed-Forootan K. Nerve regeneration and stem cells.. Biom J Sci Tech Res 2019;18:13540–13545.
  35. Shi G, Hu Y. Research Progress in Seeding Cells of Peripheral Nerve.. Sheng wu yi xue Gong Cheng xue za zhi J Biomed Eng Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi 2015;32:470–474.
    pubmed: 26211274
  36. Frausin S. Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stromal cells: Biological properties, induction of neuronal phenotype and current applications in neurodegeneration research.. Acta Histochem 2015;117:329–338.
    doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.005pubmed: 25747736google scholar: lookup
  37. Wu X, Ren J, Li J. Fibrin glue as the cell-delivery vehicle for mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine.. Cytotherapy 2012;14:555–562.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2011.638914pubmed: 22175911google scholar: lookup
  38. Ide C. Long acellular nerve transplants for allogeneic grafting and the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on the growth of regenerating axons in dogs: a preliminary report.. Exp Neurol 1998;154:99–112.
    doi: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6921pubmed: 9875272google scholar: lookup
  39. Tan C. Sciatic nerve repair with tissue engineered nerve: Olfactory ensheathing cells seeded poly (lactic-co-glygolic acid) conduit in an animal model.. Ind J Orthop 2013;47:547–552.
    doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.121572pmc: PMC3868134pubmed: 24379458google scholar: lookup
  40. Jones I. Regenerative effects of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018;12:e2099–e2109.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2642pmc: PMC5947619pubmed: 29327452google scholar: lookup
  41. Mitsuzawa S. The efficacy of a scaffold-free Bio 3D conduit developed from autologous dermal fibroblasts on peripheral nerve regeneration in a canine ulnar nerve injury model: a preclinical proof-of-concept study.. Cell Transplant 2019;28:1231–1241.
    doi: 10.1177/0963689719855346pmc: PMC6767885pubmed: 31185736google scholar: lookup
  42. Zhang Q. Implantation of a nerve protector embedded with human GMSC-derived Schwann-like cells accelerates regeneration of crush-injured rat sciatic nerves.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022;13:1–18.
    pmc: PMC9208168pubmed: 35725660
  43. Erb DE, Mora RJ, Bunge RP. Reinnervation of adult rat gastrocnemius muscle by embryonic motoneurons transplanted into the axotomized tibial nerve.. Exp Neurol 1993;124:372–376.
    doi: 10.1006/exnr.1993.1208pubmed: 8287933google scholar: lookup
  44. Thomas CK. Properties of medial gastrocnemius motor units and muscle fibers reinnervated by embryonic ventral spinal cord cells.. Exp Neurol 2003;180:25–31.
    doi: 10.1016/S0014-4886(02)00024-9pubmed: 12668146google scholar: lookup
  45. MacDonald SC. Functional motor neurons differentiating from mouse multipotent spinal cord precursor cells in culture and after transplantation into transected sciatic nerve.. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1094–1103.
    doi: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.1094pubmed: 12744371google scholar: lookup
  46. Deshpande DM. Recovery from paralysis in adult rats using embryonic stem cells.. Ann Neurol 2006;60:32–44.
    doi: 10.1002/ana.20901pubmed: 16802299google scholar: lookup
  47. Craff MN. Embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons reserve muscle after peripheral nerve injury.. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:235–245.
    doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000244863.71080.f0pubmed: 17255679google scholar: lookup
  48. Dadon-Nachum M, Melamed E, Offen D. Stem cells treatment for sciatic nerve injury.. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011;11:1591–1597.
    doi: 10.1517/14712598.2011.628933pubmed: 21995439google scholar: lookup
  49. Gao J. Functional motoneurons develop from human neural stem cell transplants in adult rats.. NeuroReport 2007;18:565–569.
    doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280b10c2cpubmed: 17413658google scholar: lookup
  50. Murakami T. Transplanted neuronal progenitor cells in a peripheral nerve gap promote nerve repair.. Brain Res 2003;974:17–24.
    doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02539-3pubmed: 12742620google scholar: lookup
  51. Wakao S, Matsuse D, Dezawa M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a source of Schwann cells: their anticipated use in peripheral nerve regeneration.. Cells Tissues Organs 2014;200:31–41.
    doi: 10.1159/000368188pubmed: 25765009google scholar: lookup
  52. Santiago LY. Delivery of adipose-derived precursor cells for peripheral nerve repair.. Cell Transplant 2009;18:145–158.
    doi: 10.3727/096368909788341289pubmed: 19499703google scholar: lookup
  53. Erba P. Regeneration potential and survival of transplanted undifferentiated adipose tissue-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve conduits.. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010;63:e811–e817.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.013pubmed: 20851070google scholar: lookup
  54. di Summa PG. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010;63:1544–1552.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.09.012pubmed: 19828391google scholar: lookup
  55. Passier R, Mummery C. Origin and use of embryonic and adult stem cells in differentiation and tissue repair.. Cardiovasc Res 2003;58:324–335.
    doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00770-8pubmed: 12757867google scholar: lookup
  56. Him A, Onger M, Delibas B. Peripheral nerve regeneration and stem cell therapies.. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2018;8:182–192.
  57. Stratton JA. The immunomodulatory properties of adult skin-derived precursor Schwann cells: implications for peripheral nerve injury therapy.. Eur J Neurosci 2016;43:365–375.
    doi: 10.1111/ejn.13006pubmed: 26121489google scholar: lookup
  58. Sparling JS. Schwann cells generated from neonatal skin-derived precursors or neonatal peripheral nerve improve functional recovery after acute transplantation into the partially injured cervical spinal cord of the rat.. J Neurosci 2015;35:6714–6730.
    doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1070-14.2015pmc: PMC6605177pubmed: 25926450google scholar: lookup
  59. Pan H-C. Post-injury regeneration in rat sciatic nerve facilitated by neurotrophic factors secreted by amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells.. J Clin Neurosci 2007;14:1089–1098.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.08.008pubmed: 17954375google scholar: lookup
  60. Pan H-C. Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells in combination with hyperbaric oxygen augment peripheral nerve regeneration.. Neurochem Res 2009;34:1304–1316.
    doi: 10.1007/s11064-008-9910-7pubmed: 19152028google scholar: lookup
  61. Lavasani M. Human muscle–derived stem/progenitor cells promote functional murine peripheral nerve regeneration.. J Clin Investig 2014;124:1745–1756.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI44071pmc: PMC3973076pubmed: 24642464google scholar: lookup
  62. Van der Velden J, Snibson KJ. Airway disease: the use of large animal models for drug discovery.. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011;24:525–532.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.02.001pubmed: 21356324google scholar: lookup
  63. IJkema-Paassen J. Transection of peripheral nerves, bridging strategies and effect evaluation.. Biomaterials 2004;25:1583–1592.
    doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00504-0pubmed: 14697860google scholar: lookup
  64. Dolenc V, Janko M. Nerve regeneration following primary repair.. Acta Neurochir 1976;34:223–234.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01405877pubmed: 785967google scholar: lookup
  65. Allen MJ. Cemented total knee replacement in 24 dogs: surgical technique, clinical results, and complications.. Vet Surg 2009;38:555–567.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00528.xpubmed: 19573056google scholar: lookup
  66. Hesbach AL. Techniques for objective outcome assessment.. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2007;22:146–154.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2007.09.002pubmed: 18198782google scholar: lookup
  67. Council, N.R.. Chimpanzees in biomedical and behavioral research: assessing the necessity.. 2011.
    pubmed: 22514816
  68. Angius D. A systematic review of animal models used to study nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered scaffolds.. Biomaterials 2012;33:8034–8039.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.056pmc: PMC3472515pubmed: 22889485google scholar: lookup
  69. Wadman M. Chimp research under scrutiny.. Nature 2011;480:424–425.
    doi: 10.1038/480424apubmed: 22193077google scholar: lookup
  70. Hea GJ. Transplantation of adipose derived stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration in sciatic nerve defects of the rat.. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2012;7:347–355.
    doi: 10.2174/157488812802481463pubmed: 22563658google scholar: lookup
  71. Carriel V. Combination of fibrin-agarose hydrogels and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration.. J Neural Eng 2013;10:026022.
    doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/2/026022pubmed: 23528562google scholar: lookup
  72. Schaakxs D. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate strips seeded with regenerative cells are effective promoters of peripheral nerve repair.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017;11:812–821.
    doi: 10.1002/term.1980pubmed: 25556632google scholar: lookup
  73. Saller MM. Validation of a novel animal model for sciatic nerve repair with an adipose-derived stem cell loaded fibrin conduit.. Neural Regen Res 2018;13:854.
    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.232481pmc: PMC5998632pubmed: 29863016google scholar: lookup
  74. Fu X-M. The combination of adipose-derived schwann-like cells and acellular nerve allografts promotes sciatic nerve regeneration and repair through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in rats.. Neuroscience 2019;422:134–145.
    doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.018pubmed: 31682951google scholar: lookup
  75. Soto PA. Sciatic nerve regeneration after traumatic injury using magnetic targeted adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Acta Biomater 2021;130:234–247.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.050pubmed: 34082099google scholar: lookup
  76. Lasso J. Xenotransplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells in the regeneration of a rabbit peripheral nerve.. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68:e189–e197.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.07.005pubmed: 26279394google scholar: lookup
  77. Pedroza-Montoya F-E. Repair of ovine peripheral nerve injuries with xenogeneic human acellular sciatic nerves prerecellularized with allogeneic Schwann-like cells—an innovative and promising approach.. Regenerat Therapy 2022;19:131–143.
    doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.01.009pmc: PMC8850753pubmed: 35229011google scholar: lookup
  78. Cuevas P. Peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow stromal cells.. Neurol Res 2002;24:634–638.
    doi: 10.1179/016164102101200564pubmed: 12392196google scholar: lookup
  79. Chen C-J. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells for peripheral nerve repair.. Exp Neurol 2007;204:443–453.
    doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.004pubmed: 17222827google scholar: lookup
  80. Abd El Samad AA. Histological study on the role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle in a model of sciatic nerve crush injury in albino rats.. Egypt J Histol 2015;38:438–451.
    doi: 10.1097/01.EHX.0000470653.67231.07google scholar: lookup
  81. Yao M. Repair of rat sciatic nerve defects by using allogeneic bone marrow mononuclear cells combined with chitosan/silk fibroin scaffold.. Cell Transplant 2016;25:983–993.
    doi: 10.3727/096368916X690494pubmed: 26777485google scholar: lookup
  82. Weiss JB. Stem cell, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and/or Dihexa to promote limb function recovery in a rat sciatic nerve damage-repair model: experimental animal studies.. Ann Med Surg 2021;71:102917.
    doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102917pmc: PMC8524106pubmed: 34703584google scholar: lookup
  83. Guo M. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair brachial plexus injury in rabbits through ERK pathway.. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:1515–1523.
    pubmed: 32096201
  84. Ding F. Use of tissue-engineered nerve grafts consisting of a chitosan/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based scaffold included with bone marrow mesenchymal cells for bridging 50-mm dog sciatic nerve gaps.. Tissue Eng Part A 2010;16:3779–3790.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0299pubmed: 20666610google scholar: lookup
  85. Xue C. Electrospun silk fibroin-based neural scaffold for bridging a long sciatic nerve gap in dogs.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018;12:e1143–e1153.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2449pubmed: 28485084google scholar: lookup
  86. Wang D. Bridging small-gap peripheral nerve defects using acellular nerve allograft implanted with autologous bone marrow stromal cells in primates.. Brain Res 2008;1188:44–53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.098pubmed: 18061586google scholar: lookup
  87. Hu N. Long-term outcome of the repair of 50 mm long median nerve defects in rhesus monkeys with marrow mesenchymal stem cells-containing, chitosan-based tissue engineered nerve grafts.. Biomaterials 2013;34:100–111.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.020pubmed: 23063298google scholar: lookup
  88. Cruz Villagrán C. A novel model for acute peripheral nerve injury in the horse and evaluation of the effect of mesenchymal stromal cells applied in situ on nerve regeneration: a preliminary study.. Front Veterinary Sci 2016;3:80.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00080pmc: PMC5023688pubmed: 27695697google scholar: lookup
  89. Gärtner A. Use of poly (DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone) membranes and mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in axonotmesis: in vitro and in vivo analysis.. Differentiation 2012;84:355–365.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.10.001pubmed: 23142731google scholar: lookup
  90. Sung M-A. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote regeneration of crush-injured rat sciatic nerves.. Neural Regen Res 2012;7:2018.
    pmc: PMC4296421pubmed: 25624833
  91. Xia N. Human mesenchymal stem cells improve the neurodegeneration of femoral nerve in a diabetic foot ulceration rats.. Neurosci Lett 2015;597:84–89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.038pubmed: 25916880google scholar: lookup
  92. Hei W-H. Adenovirus vector-mediated ex vivo gene transfer of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) tohuman umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) promotescrush-injured rat sciatic nerve regeneration.. Neurosci Lett 2017;643:111–120.
    doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.030pubmed: 28215880google scholar: lookup
  93. Ma Y. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in rats.. J Cell Mol Med 2019;23:2822–2835.
    doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14190pmc: PMC6433678pubmed: 30772948google scholar: lookup
  94. Xiao Q, Zhang X, Wu Y. Experimental research on differentiation-inducing growth of nerve lateral bud by HUC-MSCs chitosan composite conduit.. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015;73:305–311.
    doi: 10.1007/s12013-015-0578-8pubmed: 27352316google scholar: lookup
  95. Cui Y. Functional collagen conduits combined with human mesenchymal stem cells promote regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in dogs.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018;12:1285–1296.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2660pubmed: 29499096google scholar: lookup
  96. Al-Zaidi AA, Al-Timmemi HA, Shabeeb ZA. Efficacy of acellular-lyophilized human umbilical cord ecm-powder guided by bovine urinary bladder matrix conduit for peripheral nerve repair in dogs modEL.. Plant Archiv 2021;21(1):456–463.
    doi: 10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.070google scholar: lookup
  97. Pan H-C. Enhanced regeneration in injured sciatic nerve by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell.. J Clin Neurosci 2006;13:570–575.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.06.007pubmed: 16769515google scholar: lookup
  98. Tsai M. Adenoviral gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein-7 enhances functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats.. Gene Ther 2010;17:1214–1224.
    doi: 10.1038/gt.2010.72pubmed: 20520648google scholar: lookup
  99. Lin Y-C. Keratin gel filler for peripheral nerve repair in a rodent sciatic nerve injury model.. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:67–78.
    doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182268ae0pubmed: 22186500google scholar: lookup
  100. Ni H-C. Fabrication of bioactive conduits containing the fibroblast growth factor 1 and neural stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration across a 15 mm critical gap.. Biofabrication 2013;5:035010.
    doi: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035010pubmed: 23880639google scholar: lookup
  101. Zarbakhsh S. Histological study of bone marrow and umbilical cord stromal cell transplantation in regenerating rat peripheral nerve.. Cell J (Yakhteh) 2016;17:668.
    pmc: PMC4746417pubmed: 26862526
  102. Labroo P. Novel drug delivering conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration.. J Neural Eng 2017;14:066011.
    doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa867dpubmed: 28829045google scholar: lookup
  103. Wang C. Silk fibroin enhances peripheral nerve regeneration by improving vascularization within nerve conduits.. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 2018;106:2070–2077.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36390pubmed: 29575774google scholar: lookup
  104. McKenzie IA. Skin-derived precursors generate myelinating Schwann cells for the injured and dysmyelinated nervous system.. J Neurosci 2006;26:6651–6660.
    doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1007-06.2006pmc: PMC6674039pubmed: 16775154google scholar: lookup
  105. Magown P, Rafuse VF, Brownstone RM. Microcircuit formation following transplantation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in peripheral nerve.. J Neurophysiol 2017;117:1683–1689.
    doi: 10.1152/jn.00943.2016pmc: PMC5380775pubmed: 28148646google scholar: lookup
  106. Lee D-C. Neural stem cells promote nerve regeneration through IL12-induced Schwann cell differentiation.. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017;79:1–11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.007pubmed: 27865767google scholar: lookup
  107. Mozafari R. Combination of heterologous fibrin sealant and bioengineered human embryonic stem cells to improve regeneration following autogenous sciatic nerve grafting repair.. J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018.
    doi: 10.1186/s40409-018-0147-xpmc: PMC5897995pubmed: 29681920google scholar: lookup
  108. Strauch B. Autologous Schwann cells drive regeneration through a 6-cm autogenous venous nerve conduit.. J Reconstr Microsurg 2001;17:589–598.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2001-18812pubmed: 11740653google scholar: lookup
  109. Zhu Y. Peripheral nerve defects repaired with autogenous vein grafts filled with platelet-rich plasma and active nerve microtissues and evaluated by novel multimodal ultrasound techniques.. Biomater Res 2022;26:1–29.
    doi: 10.1186/s40824-022-00264-8pmc: PMC9188244pubmed: 35690849google scholar: lookup
  110. Brenner MJ. Effects of Schwann cells and donor antigen on long-nerve allograft regeneration.. Microsurg Official J Int Microsurg Soc Eur Fed Soc Microsurg 2005;25:61–70.
    pubmed: 15481042
  111. Su C-F. Application of amniotic fluid stem cells in repairing sciatic nerve injury in minipigs.. Brain Res 2018;1678:397–406.
    doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.010pubmed: 29155003google scholar: lookup
  112. Hu J. Repair of extended peripheral nerve lesions in rhesus monkeys using acellular allogenic nerve grafts implanted with autologous mesenchymal stem cells.. Exp Neurol 2007;204:658–666.
    doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.11.018pubmed: 17316613google scholar: lookup
  113. Saheb-Al-Zamani M. Limited regeneration in long acellular nerve allografts is associated with increased Schwann cell senescence.. Exp Neurol 2013;247:165–177.
    doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.011pmc: PMC3863361pubmed: 23644284google scholar: lookup
  114. Ruini F, Tonda-Turo C, Raimondo S, Tos P, Pugliese P, Geuna S. Nerve guidance conduits based on bi-layer chitosan membranes for peripheral nerve regeneration.. Biomedical Science and Engineering 2016;1:1.
  115. Fregnan F. Chitosan crosslinked flat scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration.. Biomed Mater 2016;11:045010.
    doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/4/045010pubmed: 27508969google scholar: lookup
  116. Pixley SK. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration through biomaterial conduits via micro-CT imaging.. Laryngoscope Invest Otolaryngol 2016;1:185–190.
    doi: 10.1002/lio2.41pmc: PMC5510275pubmed: 28894816google scholar: lookup
  117. Zhu L. Noncovalent bonding of RGD and YIGSR to an electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) conduit through peptide self-assembly to synergistically promote sciatic nerve regeneration in rats.. Adv Healthcare Mater 2017;6:1600860.
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.201600860pubmed: 28140528google scholar: lookup
  118. Tao J. A 3D-engineered porous conduit for peripheral nerve repair.. Sci Rep 2017;7:1–13.
    doi: 10.1038/srep46038pmc: PMC5388843pubmed: 28401914google scholar: lookup
  119. Yapici AK. The effect of in vivo created vascularized neurotube on peripheric nerve regeneration.. Injury 2017;48:1486–1491.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.05.014pubmed: 28529011google scholar: lookup
  120. Stocco E. Partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol conduitfor peripheral nerve regeneration.. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):1–14.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19058-3pmc: PMC5766572pubmed: 29330414google scholar: lookup
  121. Yin K. Freeze-cast porous chitosan conduit for peripheral nerve repair.. MRS Adv 2018;3:1677–1683.
    doi: 10.1557/adv.2018.194pmc: PMC6044444pubmed: 30009044google scholar: lookup
  122. Lin K-M. Nerve growth factor released from a novel PLGA nerve conduit can improve axon growth.. J Micromech Microeng 2016;26:045016.
    doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/4/045016google scholar: lookup
  123. Strauch B. Determining the maximal length of a vein conduit used as an interposition graft for nerve regeneration.. J Reconstr Microsurg 1996;12:521–527.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1006624pubmed: 8951120google scholar: lookup
  124. Koller R. The influence of the graft length on the functional and morphological result after nerve grafting: an experimental study in rabbits.. Br J Plast Surg 1997;50:609–614.
    doi: 10.1016/S0007-1226(97)90506-3pubmed: 9613403google scholar: lookup
  125. Chang Y-C. Multichanneled nerve guidance conduit with spatial gradients of neurotrophic factors and oriented nanotopography for repairing the peripheral nervous system.. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9:37623–37636.
    doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b12567pubmed: 28990762google scholar: lookup
  126. Pover CM, Lisney S. Influence of autograft size on peripheral nerve regeneration in cats.. J Neurol Sci 1989;90(2):179–185.
    doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(89)90100-7pubmed: 2723682google scholar: lookup
  127. Sufan W. Sciatic nerve regeneration through alginate with tubulation or nontubulation repair in cat.. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:329–338.
    doi: 10.1089/08977150151070991pubmed: 11284552google scholar: lookup
  128. Matsumoto K. Peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap bridged by a polyglycolic acid (PGA)–collagen tube filled with laminin-coated collagen fibers: a histological and electrophysiological evaluation of regenerated nerves.. Brain Res 2000;868:315–328.
    doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02207-1pubmed: 10854584google scholar: lookup
  129. Wang X. Dog sciatic nerve regeneration across a 30-mm defect bridged by a chitosan/PGA artificial nerve graft.. Brain 2005;128:1897–1910.
    doi: 10.1093/brain/awh517pubmed: 15872018google scholar: lookup
  130. Yao Y. Efect of longitudinally oriented collagen conduit combined with nerve growth factor on nerve regeneration after dog sciatic nerve injury.. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018;106:2131–2139.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34020pubmed: 29024435google scholar: lookup
  131. Archibald S. Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube.. J Neurosci 1995;15:4109–4123.
    doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-05-04109.1995pmc: PMC6578227pubmed: 7751969google scholar: lookup
  132. Matsuyama T. Long nerve allografts in sheep with cyclosporin A immunosuppression.. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000;16:0219–0226.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2000-7556pubmed: 10803627google scholar: lookup
  133. Radtke C. Spider silk constructs enhance axonal regeneration and remyelination in long nerve defects in sheep.. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e16990.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016990pmc: PMC3045382pubmed: 21364921google scholar: lookup
  134. Alvites DR. Establishment of a sheep model for hind limb peripheral nerve injury: common peroneal nerve.. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:1401.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22031401pmc: PMC7866789pubmed: 33573310google scholar: lookup
  135. Algora J. Functional effects of lymphotoxin on crushed peripheral nerve.. Microsurg Official J Int Microsurg Soc Eur Federation Soc Microsurg 1996;17:131–135.
    pubmed: 9016456
  136. Muthuraman A. Ameliorative effects of Ocimum sanctum in sciatic nerve transection-induced neuropathy in rats.. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;120:56–62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.049pubmed: 18762236google scholar: lookup
  137. Kalender AM. Effect of Zofenopril on regeneration of sciatic nerve crush injury in a rat model.. J Brachial Plexus Peripheral Nerve Injury 2009;4:e29–e35.
    pmc: PMC2700796pubmed: 19508704
  138. Senoglu M. Intraperitoneal Alpha-Lipoic Acid to prevent neural damage after crush injury to the rat sciatic nerve.. J Brachial Plexus Peripheral Nerve Injury 2009;4:e109–e114.
    pmc: PMC2789059pubmed: 19939272
  139. Yüce S. An experimental comparison of the effects of propolis, curcumin, and methylprednisolone on crush injuries of the sciatic nerve.. Ann Plast Surg 2015;74:684–692.
    doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000026pubmed: 24317243google scholar: lookup
  140. Feng X, Yuan W. Dexamethasone enhanced functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats.. BioMed Res Int 2015;2015:1–9.
    pmc: PMC4369935pubmed: 25839037
  141. Korkmaz MF. The effect of sildenafil on recuperation from sciatic nerve injury in rats.. Balkan Med J 2016;33:204–211.
    doi: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.14701pmc: PMC4924966pubmed: 27403391google scholar: lookup
  142. Nobakhti-Afshar A. Assessment of neuroprotective effects of local administration of 17-beta-estradiol on peripheral nerve regeneration in ovariectomized female rats.. Bull Emergency Trauma 2016;4:141.
    pmc: PMC4989040pubmed: 27540548
  143. Rosa Junior GM. Effect of the laser therapy in association with swimming for a morphological nerve repair and functional recovery in rats submitted to sciatic axonotmesis.. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 2016;23:12–20.
    doi: 10.1590/1809-2950/13929623012016google scholar: lookup
  144. Farjah GH. The effect of cerebro-spinal fluid in collagen guide channel on sciatic nerve regeneration in rat.. Turk Neurosurg 2017;27:453–459.
    pubmed: 27593797
  145. Suzuki K. Electrospun nanofiber sheets incorporating methylcobalamin promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model.. Acta Biomater 2017;53:250–259.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.004pubmed: 28179161google scholar: lookup
  146. Ni X-J. The effect of low-intensity ultrasound on brain-derived neurotropic factor expression in a rat sciatic nerve crushed injury model.. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017;43:461–468.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.017pubmed: 27816247google scholar: lookup
  147. Özbek Z. Neuroprotective effect of genistein in peripheral nerve injury.. Turkish Neurosurg 2017.
    doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.18549-16.1pubmed: 27759874google scholar: lookup
  148. Guo Q. Chitosan conduits filled with simvastatin/Pluronic F-127 hydrogel promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018;106:787–799.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33890pubmed: 28371231google scholar: lookup
  149. Gan L. Restorative effect and mechanism of mecobalamin on sciatic nerve crush injury in mice.. Neural Regen Res 2014;9:1979.
    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.145379pmc: PMC4283280pubmed: 25598780google scholar: lookup
  150. Jensen JN. Effect of FK506 on peripheral nerve regeneration through long grafts in inbred swine.. Ann Plast Surg 2005;54:420–427.
    doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000151461.60911.c0pubmed: 15785285google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.