Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination.
Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that hemagglutinin (HA) gene vaccination and influenza virus infection generate protective antibody responses in equids. However, these antibody responses differ substantially in that particle mediated DNA vaccination does not induce an immunoglobulin A (IgA) response. A study was performed to investigate the regional immunoregulatory mechanisms associated with these different immune responses. Ponies were either vaccinated with equine HA DNA vaccines at skin and mucosal sites, infected with influenza virus or left untreated and influenza-specific antibody responses and protection from challenge infection was studied. In a subset of ponies, lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBLs), nasopharyngeal mucosal tissue, or lymph nodes (LNLs) were collected for measurement of influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferative responses, local antibody production and IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA production by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DNA vaccination and influenza virus infection induced humoral immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and immunoglobulin Gb (IgGb) production and lymphoproliferative responses that were positively correlated with IFN-gamma mRNA production. However, there were marked differences in immune response in that only influenza infection induced an IgA response, and the regional distribution of lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma and antibody responses. Responses to DNA vaccination occurred in PBLs and in lymph nodes draining DNA vaccination sites, while influenza virus infection induced responses in PBLs and hilar LNLs. In summary, common features of immune responses to either influenza virus infection or DNA vaccination were virus-specific IgGa, IgGb and IFN-gamma responses, which are associated with protection from infection, even when the regional distribution of these immune responses varied depending on the site of immune encounter.
Publication Date: 2003-07-05 PubMed ID: 12842611DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00060-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Clinical Trial
- Controlled Clinical Trial
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research paper discusses the discernable differences between the immune responses in ponies upon receiving either a DNA vaccination for equine influenza or upon actual infection by the virus. The study found that both vaccination and infection lead to protective antibody responses, but their regional delivery and type of immunoglobulins produced differ notably.
Methodology
- The study involved ponies that were divided into three categories; some were vaccinated with equine Hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccines, others were infected with the influenza virus, and the remaining were left untreated.
- The researchers then observed and studied the ponies’ influenza-specific antibody responses, as well as their susceptibility or resistance to a challenge infection.
- In a smaller subset of ponies, lymphocytes from peripheral blood, nasopharyngeal mucosal tissue, and lymph nodes were collected. The aim here was for the measurement of influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferative responses, localized antibody production, and the production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma mRNA through quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing (qRT-PCR).
Findings
- Both the DNA vaccination and actual viral infection induced humoral immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and immunoglobulin Gb (IgGb) production. They also stimulated lymphoproliferative responses that directly correlated with IFN-gamma mRNA production.
- However, the study found differences too in the immune responses; surprisingly, only the influenza infection triggered an IgA response. Furthermore, the regional distribution of lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma, and antibody responses showed variation.
- The responses to the DNA vaccination occurred in peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymph nodes draining the vaccination sites. On the other hand, responses to the influenza virus infection were found in peripheral blood lymphocytes and hilar lymph nodes.
Conclusion
- Summarily, the common elements of immune responses to both, the actual influenza virus infection and DNA vaccination, were virus-specific IgGa, IgGb, and IFN-gamma responses.
- These are associated with protection from infection, even though the regional distribution of the said immune responses significantly differed depending on the site of the immune encounter (whether it was through an immune challenge or vaccination).
Cite This Article
APA
Soboll G, Horohov DW, Aldridge BM, Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Drape RJ, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP.
(2003).
Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 94(1-2), 47-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00060-6 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Cytokines / genetics
- Cytokines / immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / immunology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses / immunology
- Horses / virology
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Lymph Nodes / cytology
- Lymph Nodes / immunology
- Male
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA / immunology
- Virus Shedding
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
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- Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
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