FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology2003; 94(1-2); 47-62; doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00060-6

Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination.

Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that hemagglutinin (HA) gene vaccination and influenza virus infection generate protective antibody responses in equids. However, these antibody responses differ substantially in that particle mediated DNA vaccination does not induce an immunoglobulin A (IgA) response. A study was performed to investigate the regional immunoregulatory mechanisms associated with these different immune responses. Ponies were either vaccinated with equine HA DNA vaccines at skin and mucosal sites, infected with influenza virus or left untreated and influenza-specific antibody responses and protection from challenge infection was studied. In a subset of ponies, lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBLs), nasopharyngeal mucosal tissue, or lymph nodes (LNLs) were collected for measurement of influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferative responses, local antibody production and IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA production by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DNA vaccination and influenza virus infection induced humoral immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and immunoglobulin Gb (IgGb) production and lymphoproliferative responses that were positively correlated with IFN-gamma mRNA production. However, there were marked differences in immune response in that only influenza infection induced an IgA response, and the regional distribution of lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma and antibody responses. Responses to DNA vaccination occurred in PBLs and in lymph nodes draining DNA vaccination sites, while influenza virus infection induced responses in PBLs and hilar LNLs. In summary, common features of immune responses to either influenza virus infection or DNA vaccination were virus-specific IgGa, IgGb and IFN-gamma responses, which are associated with protection from infection, even when the regional distribution of these immune responses varied depending on the site of immune encounter.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2003-07-05 PubMed ID: 12842611DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00060-6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Clinical Trial
  • Controlled Clinical Trial
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper discusses the discernable differences between the immune responses in ponies upon receiving either a DNA vaccination for equine influenza or upon actual infection by the virus. The study found that both vaccination and infection lead to protective antibody responses, but their regional delivery and type of immunoglobulins produced differ notably.

Methodology

  • The study involved ponies that were divided into three categories; some were vaccinated with equine Hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccines, others were infected with the influenza virus, and the remaining were left untreated.
  • The researchers then observed and studied the ponies’ influenza-specific antibody responses, as well as their susceptibility or resistance to a challenge infection.
  • In a smaller subset of ponies, lymphocytes from peripheral blood, nasopharyngeal mucosal tissue, and lymph nodes were collected. The aim here was for the measurement of influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferative responses, localized antibody production, and the production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma mRNA through quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing (qRT-PCR).

Findings

  • Both the DNA vaccination and actual viral infection induced humoral immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and immunoglobulin Gb (IgGb) production. They also stimulated lymphoproliferative responses that directly correlated with IFN-gamma mRNA production.
  • However, the study found differences too in the immune responses; surprisingly, only the influenza infection triggered an IgA response. Furthermore, the regional distribution of lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma, and antibody responses showed variation.
  • The responses to the DNA vaccination occurred in peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymph nodes draining the vaccination sites. On the other hand, responses to the influenza virus infection were found in peripheral blood lymphocytes and hilar lymph nodes.

Conclusion

  • Summarily, the common elements of immune responses to both, the actual influenza virus infection and DNA vaccination, were virus-specific IgGa, IgGb, and IFN-gamma responses.
  • These are associated with protection from infection, even though the regional distribution of the said immune responses significantly differed depending on the site of the immune encounter (whether it was through an immune challenge or vaccination).

Cite This Article

APA
Soboll G, Horohov DW, Aldridge BM, Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Drape RJ, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. (2003). Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 94(1-2), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00060-6

Publication

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
ISSN: 0165-2427
NlmUniqueID: 8002006
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 94
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 47-62

Researcher Affiliations

Soboll, G
  • Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Horohov, D W
    Aldridge, B M
      Olsen, C W
        McGregor, M W
          Drape, R J
            Macklin, M D
              Swain, W F
                Lunn, D P

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Animals
                  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
                  • Antibody Specificity
                  • Cytokines / genetics
                  • Cytokines / immunology
                  • Female
                  • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / immunology
                  • Horse Diseases / immunology
                  • Horse Diseases / virology
                  • Horses / immunology
                  • Horses / virology
                  • Influenza A virus / immunology
                  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
                  • Lymph Nodes / cytology
                  • Lymph Nodes / immunology
                  • Male
                  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
                  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
                  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
                  • Vaccines, DNA / immunology
                  • Virus Shedding

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 19 times.
                  1. El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
                    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060855pubmed: 35746463google scholar: lookup
                  2. Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13081657pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
                  3. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
                    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
                  4. Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
                    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00215-17pubmed: 28814389google scholar: lookup
                  5. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
                    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
                  6. Song Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Tang X, Li M, Yao J, Jin X, Ertl HC, Zhou D. Repeated Low-Dose Influenza Virus Infection Causes Severe Disease in Mice: a Model for Vaccine Evaluation. J Virol 2015 Aug;89(15):7841-51.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00976-15pubmed: 25995265google scholar: lookup
                  7. Ault A, Zajac AM, Kong WP, Gorres JP, Royals M, Wei CJ, Bao S, Yang ZY, Reedy SE, Sturgill TL, Page AE, Donofrio-Newman J, Adams AA, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. Immunogenicity and clinical protection against equine influenza by DNA vaccination of ponies. Vaccine 2012 Jun 6;30(26):3965-74.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.026pubmed: 22449425google scholar: lookup
                  8. Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res 2011 Feb 7;42(1):23.
                    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23pubmed: 21314906google scholar: lookup
                  9. Chambers TM, Quinlivan M, Sturgill T, Cullinane A, Horohov DW, Zamarin D, Arkins S, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 as modified live virus vaccines: pilot studies of safety and efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 2009 Jan;41(1):87-92.
                    doi: 10.2746/042516408x371937pubmed: 19301588google scholar: lookup
                  10. Olafsdóttir G, Svansson V, Ingvarsson S, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S. In vitro analysis of expression vectors for DNA vaccination of horses: the effect of a Kozak sequence. Acta Vet Scand 2008 Nov 4;50(1):44.
                    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-44pubmed: 18983656google scholar: lookup
                  11. Mealey RH, Stone DM, Hines MT, Alperin DC, Littke MH, Leib SR, Leach SE, Hines SA. Experimental Rhodococcus equi and equine infectious anemia virus DNA vaccination in adult and neonatal horses: effect of IL-12, dose, and route. Vaccine 2007 Oct 23;25(43):7582-97.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.055pubmed: 17889970google scholar: lookup
                  12. Lewis MJ, Wagner B, Woof JM. The different effector function capabilities of the seven equine IgG subclasses have implications for vaccine strategies. Mol Immunol 2008 Feb;45(3):818-27.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.158pubmed: 17669496google scholar: lookup
                  13. Xu C, Li ZS, Du YQ, Gong YF, Yang H, Sun B, Jin J. Construction of recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine expressing H pylori ureB and IL-2. World J Gastroenterol 2007 Feb 14;13(6):939-44.
                    doi: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i6.939pubmed: 17352028google scholar: lookup
                  14. Hoare M, Levy MS, Bracewell DG, Doig SD, Kong S, Titchener-Hooker N, Ward JM, Dunnill P. Bioprocess engineering issues that would be faced in producing a DNA vaccine at up to 100 m3 fermentation scale for an influenza pandemic. Biotechnol Prog 2005 Nov-Dec;21(6):1577-92.
                    doi: 10.1021/bp050190npubmed: 16321039google scholar: lookup
                  15. Xu C, Li ZS, Du YQ, Tu ZX, Gong YF, Jin J, Wu HY, Xu GM. Construction of a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine carrying Helicobacter pylori hpaA. World J Gastroenterol 2005 Jan 7;11(1):114-7.
                    doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i1.114pubmed: 15609408google scholar: lookup
                  16. Perzyna M, Grzędzicka J, Milczek-Haduch D, Dąbrowska I, Trela M, Pawliński B, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jul-Aug;39(4):e70137.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70137pubmed: 40413721google scholar: lookup
                  17. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
                    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
                  18. Atwa AS, Gomaa L, Elmenofy W, Amer HM, Ahmed BM. Expression of recombinant Florida clade 2 hemagglutinin in baculovirus expression system: A step for subunit vaccine development against H3N8 equine influenza virus. Open Vet J 2024 Jan;14(1):350-359.
                    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.32pubmed: 38633177google scholar: lookup
                  19. Elliott S, Olufemi OT, Daly JM. Systematic Review of Equine Influenza A Virus Vaccine Studies and Meta-Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2023 Nov 28;15(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/v15122337pubmed: 38140577google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.