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Frontiers in microbiology2018; 9; 1941; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.

Abstract: Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.
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Publication Date: 2018-09-06 PubMed ID: 30237788PubMed Central: PMC6135912DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research provides a comprehensive review on Equine Influenza Virus, its causes, how it spreads, its effects on horses and other animals, advances in identifying and controlling the infection, and further strategies for control and vaccination.

Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathobiology

  • Equine influenza (EI) is a significant respiratory illness in horses (equines) and is caused by the Equine Influenza A virus (EIV-A). This disease has high levels of morbidity (illness) and relatively lower levels of mortality (death).
  • The virus is easily transmitted through direct contact and inhalation, which contributes to its wide-spread occurrence. Notably, the EI virus has affected canines and few other animal species apart from horses.
  • The continuous evolution of the virus, with changes at the molecular level, makes it difficult to control.
  • No natural EI-origin infections in humans have been explicitly reported to date.

Advances in Diagnostics

  • Technological advancements enable efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections in outbreak scenarios. Regular surveillance programs can lead to an improved control strategy of this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains accordingly.

Vaccine Development

  • There have been recurrent vaccination failures against the virus due to antigenic drift and shift—a phenomenon involving changes in the virus that render a vaccine ineffective. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the virus’s pathogenesis may facilitate the design of effective vaccines, targeting the conserved epitopes (a portion of the virus that is recognized by the immune system).
  • Cold-adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines have shown effectiveness in reducing the seriousness of the disease.

Future Strategies

  • A better understanding of the virus’s genetics and molecular biology may help predict the rate of evolution and potential for pandemics in the future. The focus is on continuing to design and develop effective diagnostics, vaccines, and control strategies to mitigate the harm caused by the EI virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. (2018). A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol, 9, 1941. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941

Publication

Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
NlmUniqueID: 101548977
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 1941
PII: 1941

Researcher Affiliations

Singh, Raj K
  • ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Dhama, Kuldeep
  • Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Karthik, Kumaragurubaran
  • Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Khandia, Rekha
  • Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India.
Munjal, Ashok
  • Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India.
Khurana, Sandip K
  • National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
Chakraborty, Sandip
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India.
Malik, Yashpal S
  • Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Virmani, Nitin
  • National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
Singh, Rajendra
  • Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Tripathi, Bhupendra N
  • National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
Munir, Muhammad
  • Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
van der Kolk, Johannes H
  • Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.

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