FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Virology1987; 158(1); 79-87; doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90240-6

Regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 gene expression: characterization of immediate early, early, and late transcription.

Abstract: The regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) transcription was examined in infected rabbit kidney cells using metabolic inhibitors. In order to map EHV-1 immediate early, early, and late transcripts, viral RNA was 32P-labeled in vivo and hybridized to EHV-1 DNA restriction fragments immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Immediate early viral RNA was mapped to one region of the viral genome within the inverted repeat DNA sequences (map units 0.78-0.83 and 0.95-1.0). Northern blot hybridization analysis using a 32P-labeled cloned DNA probe from this region identified a single immediate early viral transcript (approximately 6 kb). Transcription of early and late genes was not restricted to any specific region on the viral genome as indicated by the ability of 32P-labeled early and late RNA to hybridize to EHV-1 restriction endonuclease fragments from both the long and short components of EHV-1 DNA. Additional experiments performed without the use of metabolic inhibitors confirmed that EHV-1 transcription is temporally regulated. The characterization of EHV-1 transcription during productive infection will serve as a reference for the analysis of viral transcripts in oncogenically transformed and persistently infected cells.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1987-05-01 PubMed ID: 3033896DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90240-6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The researchers studied how the transcription of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is regulated in infected rabbit kidney cells. They found that transcription of immediate early, early, and late genes occurred in different areas of the virus’s genome and at different times.

Mapping EHV-1 Transcripts

  • The study used metabolic inhibitors to examine the transcription of EHV-1 in infected rabbit kidney cells.
  • To identify and map the immediate early, early, and late transcripts of the virus, researchers labeled the viral RNA in vivo, which they later hybridized to EHV-1 DNA restriction fragments.
  • The research found that immediate early viral RNA was located in a specific region of the viral genome, specifically within the inverted repeat DNA sequences.

Transcription of Early and Late Genes

  • The analysis revealed that transcription of early and late genes did not occur in any specific region on the virus genome.
  • The evidence for this observation was that labeled early and late RNA was able to bind with EHV-1 DNA restriction fragments from both the long and short components of the virus’s DNA.

Temporal Regulation of EHV-1 Transcription

  • Additional experiments were conducted without the use of metabolic inhibitors.
  • These confirmed that EHV-1 transcription is regulated temporally. In simpler terms, this means that different parts of the virus’s genome are transcribed at different stages of the infection.
  • This temporal regulation was characterized in more detail during the study for future research use, potentially for the analysis of viral transcripts in oncogenically transformed and persistently infected cells.

The paper concludes by indicating the importance of how understanding how the EHV-1 is regulated during different stages of infection can provide valuable information for future virus and oncogenic research.

Cite This Article

APA
Gray WL, Baumann RP, Robertson AT, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ, Staczek J. (1987). Regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 gene expression: characterization of immediate early, early, and late transcription. Virology, 158(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(87)90240-6

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 0042-6822
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 158
Issue: 1
Pages: 79-87

Researcher Affiliations

Gray, W L
    Baumann, R P
      Robertson, A T
        Caughman, G B
          O'Callaghan, D J
            Staczek, J

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Cells, Cultured
              • Cycloheximide / pharmacology
              • DNA Restriction Enzymes
              • DNA, Viral / genetics
              • Gene Expression Regulation
              • Genes, Viral
              • Herpesviridae / genetics
              • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
              • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / physiology
              • Nucleic Acid Hybridization
              • RNA, Viral / genetics
              • Transcription, Genetic

              Grant Funding

              • AI21996 / NIAID NIH HHS
              • AI22001 / NIAID NIH HHS
              • AI22894 / NIAID NIH HHS

              Citations

              This article has been cited 45 times.
              1. Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Interferon Gamma Inhibits Equine Herpesvirus 1 Replication in a Cell Line-Dependent Manner. Pathogens 2021 Apr 16;10(4).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040484pubmed: 33923733google scholar: lookup
              2. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
                doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pubmed: 31849857google scholar: lookup
              3. Oladunni FS, Sarkar S, Reedy S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equid Herpesvirus 1 Targets the Sensitization and Induction Steps To Inhibit the Type I Interferon Response in Equine Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2019 Dec 1;93(23).
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.01342-19pubmed: 31511388google scholar: lookup
              4. Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Full trans-activation mediated by the immediate-early protein of equine herpesvirus 1 requires a consensus TATA box, but not its cognate binding sequence. Virus Res 2016 Jan 4;211:222-32.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.026pubmed: 26541315google scholar: lookup
              5. Zhang Y, Charvat RA, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. The EHV-1 UL4 protein that tempers viral gene expression interacts with cellular transcription factors. Virology 2014 Jan 20;449:25-34.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.005pubmed: 24418534google scholar: lookup
              6. Yeo WM, Osterrieder N, Stokol T. Equine herpesvirus type 1 infection induces procoagulant activity in equine monocytes. Vet Res 2013 Mar 11;44(1):16.
                doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-16pubmed: 23497076google scholar: lookup
              7. Kim S, Ahn BC, O'Callaghan DJ, Kim SK. The early UL31 gene of equine herpesvirus 1 encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein that has a nuclear localization signal sequence at the C-terminus. Virology 2012 Oct 25;432(2):306-15.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.031pubmed: 22721961google scholar: lookup
              8. Kim S, Dai G, O'Callaghan DJ, Kim SK. Characterization of cis-acting elements required for autorepression of the equine herpesvirus 1 IE gene. Virus Res 2012 Apr;165(1):52-60.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.005pubmed: 22265772google scholar: lookup
              9. Ahn BC, Kim S, Zhang Y, Charvat RA, O'Callaghan DJ. The early UL3 gene of equine herpesvirus-1 encodes a tegument protein not essential for replication or virulence in the mouse. Virology 2011 Nov 10;420(1):20-31.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.016pubmed: 21917286google scholar: lookup
              10. Kim SK, Kim S, Dai G, Zhang Y, Ahn BC, O'Callaghan DJ. Identification of functional domains of the IR2 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 required for inhibition of viral gene expression and replication. Virology 2011 Sep 1;417(2):430-42.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.023pubmed: 21794889google scholar: lookup
              11. Charvat RA, Breitenbach JE, Ahn B, Zhang Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The UL4 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is not essential for replication or pathogenesis and inhibits gene expression controlled by viral and heterologous promoters. Virology 2011 Apr 10;412(2):366-77.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.025pubmed: 21324502google scholar: lookup
              12. Ahn BC, Zhang Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) IR3 transcript downregulates expression of the IE gene and the absence of IR3 gene expression alters EHV-1 biological properties and virulence. Virology 2010 Jul 5;402(2):327-37.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.051pubmed: 20417949google scholar: lookup
              13. Ahn BC, Breitenbach JE, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus-1 IR3 gene that lies antisense to the sole immediate-early (IE) gene is trans-activated by the IE protein, and is poorly expressed to a protein. Virology 2007 Jun 20;363(1):15-25.
                doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.024pubmed: 17306852google scholar: lookup
              14. Kim SK, Ahn BC, Albrecht RA, O'Callaghan DJ. The unique IR2 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 negatively regulates viral gene expression. J Virol 2006 May;80(10):5041-9.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.10.5041-5049.2006pubmed: 16641295google scholar: lookup
              15. von Einem J, Schumacher D, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. The alpha-TIF (VP16) homologue (ETIF) of equine herpesvirus 1 is essential for secondary envelopment and virus egress. J Virol 2006 Mar;80(6):2609-20.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.6.2609-2620.2006pubmed: 16501071google scholar: lookup
              16. Kim SK, Albrecht RA, O'Callaghan DJ. A negative regulatory element (base pairs -204 to -177) of the EICP0 promoter of equine herpesvirus 1 abolishes the EICP0 protein's trans-activation of its own promoter. J Virol 2004 Nov;78(21):11696-706.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11696-11706.2004pubmed: 15479811google scholar: lookup
              17. Kim SK, Jang HK, Albrecht RA, Derbigny WA, Zhang Y, O'Callaghan DJ. Interaction of the equine herpesvirus 1 EICP0 protein with the immediate-early (IE) protein, TFIIB, and TBP may mediate the antagonism between the IE and EICP0 proteins. J Virol 2003 Feb;77(4):2675-85.
                doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.4.2675-2685.2003pubmed: 12552007google scholar: lookup
              18. Jang HK, Albrecht RA, Buczynski KA, Kim SK, Derbigny WA, O'Callaghan DJ. Mapping the sequences that mediate interaction of the equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early protein and human TFIIB. J Virol 2001 Nov;75(21):10219-30.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10219-10230.2001pubmed: 11581390google scholar: lookup
              19. Derbigny WA, Kim SK, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ. The EICP22 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 physically interacts with the immediate-early protein and with itself to form dimers and higher-order complexes. J Virol 2000 Feb;74(3):1425-35.
                doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1425-1435.2000pubmed: 10627553google scholar: lookup
              20. Bowles DE, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the trans-activation properties of equine herpesvirus 1 EICP0 protein. J Virol 2000 Feb;74(3):1200-8.
                doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1200-1208.2000pubmed: 10627530google scholar: lookup
              21. Bowles DE, Holden VR, Zhao Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The ICP0 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is an early protein that independently transactivates expression of all classes of viral promoters. J Virol 1997 Jul;71(7):4904-14.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.7.4904-4914.1997pubmed: 9188552google scholar: lookup
              22. Chesters PM, Allsop R, Purewal A, Edington N. Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 1997 May;71(5):3437-43.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.5.3437-3443.1997pubmed: 9094614google scholar: lookup
              23. Kim SK, Holden VR, O'Callaghan DJ. The ICP22 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 cooperates with the IE protein to regulate viral gene expression. J Virol 1997 Feb;71(2):1004-12.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.2.1004-1012.1997pubmed: 8995619google scholar: lookup
              24. Pumphrey CY, Gray WL. Identification and analysis of the simian varicella virus thymidine kinase gene. Arch Virol 1996;141(1):43-55.
                doi: 10.1007/BF01718587pubmed: 8629950google scholar: lookup
              25. Harty RN, Caughman GB, Holden VR, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the myristylated polypeptide encoded by the UL1 gene that is conserved in the genome of defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1993 Jul;67(7):4122-32.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.7.4122-4132.1993pubmed: 8389920google scholar: lookup
              26. Ohmura Y, Ono E, Matsuura T, Kida H, Shimizu Y. Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 transcripts in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected cats. Arch Virol 1993;129(1-4):341-7.
                doi: 10.1007/BF01316910pubmed: 8385921google scholar: lookup
              27. Smith RH, Zhao Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) UL3 gene, an ICP27 homolog, is necessary for full activation of gene expression directed by an EHV-1 late promoter. J Virol 1993 Feb;67(2):1105-9.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.2.1105-1109.1993pubmed: 8380457google scholar: lookup
              28. Holden VR, Caughman GB, Zhao Y, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. Identification and characterization of the ICP22 protein of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1994 Jul;68(7):4329-40.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.7.4329-4340.1994pubmed: 8207808google scholar: lookup
              29. O'Callaghan DJ, Colle CF 3rd, Flowers CC, Smith RH, Benoit JN, Bigger CA. Identification and initial characterization of the IR6 protein of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1994 Sep;68(9):5351-64.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.9.5351-5364.1994pubmed: 8057419google scholar: lookup
              30. Elliott GD. The extreme carboxyl terminus of the equine herpesvirus 1 homolog of herpes simplex virus VP16 is essential for immediate-early gene activation. J Virol 1994 Aug;68(8):4890-7.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.8.4890-4897.1994pubmed: 8035487google scholar: lookup
              31. Smith RH, Holden VR, O'Callaghan DJ. Nuclear localization and transcriptional activation activities of truncated versions of the immediate-early gene product of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1995 Jun;69(6):3857-62.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.6.3857-3862.1995pubmed: 7745735google scholar: lookup
              32. Caughman GB, Lewis JB, Smith RH, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. Detection and intracellular localization of equine herpesvirus 1 IR1 and IR2 gene products by using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 1995 May;69(5):3024-32.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.5.3024-3032.1995pubmed: 7707529google scholar: lookup
              33. Zhao Y, Holden VR, Smith RH, O'Callaghan DJ. Regulatory function of the equine herpesvirus 1 ICP27 gene product. J Virol 1995 May;69(5):2786-93.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.5.2786-2793.1995pubmed: 7707500google scholar: lookup
              34. Harty RN, Colle CF, Grundy FJ, O'Callaghan DJ. Mapping the termini and intron of the spliced immediate-early transcript of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1989 Dec;63(12):5101-10.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.12.5101-5110.1989pubmed: 2555546google scholar: lookup
              35. Wirth UV, Gunkel K, Engels M, Schwyzer M. Spatial and temporal distribution of bovine herpesvirus 1 transcripts. J Virol 1989 Nov;63(11):4882-9.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.11.4882-4889.1989pubmed: 2552160google scholar: lookup
              36. Wirth UV, Vogt B, Schwyzer M. The three major immediate-early transcripts of bovine herpesvirus 1 arise from two divergent and spliced transcription units. J Virol 1991 Jan;65(1):195-205.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.1.195-205.1991pubmed: 1845884google scholar: lookup
              37. Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. An early gene maps within and is 3' coterminal with the immediate-early gene of equine herpesvirus 1. J Virol 1991 Jul;65(7):3829-38.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.7.3829-3838.1991pubmed: 1645793google scholar: lookup
              38. Flowers CC, O'Callaghan DJ. Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D: mapping of the transcript and a neutralization epitope. J Virol 1992 Nov;66(11):6451-60.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6451-6460.1992pubmed: 1383565google scholar: lookup
              39. Holden VR, Yalamanchili RR, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. ICP22 homolog of equine herpesvirus 1: expression from early and late promoters. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):664-73.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.664-673.1992pubmed: 1370553google scholar: lookup
              40. Zhao Y, Holden VR, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. Identification and transcriptional analyses of the UL3 and UL4 genes of equine herpesvirus 1, homologs of the ICP27 and glycoprotein K genes of herpes simplex virus. J Virol 1992 Sep;66(9):5363-72.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.9.5363-5372.1992pubmed: 1323700google scholar: lookup
              41. Smith RH, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the regulatory functions of the equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early gene product. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):936-45.
                doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.936-945.1992pubmed: 1309921google scholar: lookup
              42. Schmitz M, Neugebauer E, Full F, Conn KL. Cross-Species Analysis of Transcriptomic Response to Alpha-Herpesvirus Infection in Human, Bovine and Equine Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2026 Jan 27;27(3).
                doi: 10.3390/ijms27031261pubmed: 41683687google scholar: lookup
              43. Tombácz D, Kakuk B, Torma G, Fülöp Á, Dörmő Á, Gulyás G, Csabai Z, Boldogkői Z. Mapping the temporal transcriptomic signature of a viral pathogen through CAGE and nanopore sequencing. PLoS One 2025;20(4):e0320439.
                doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320439pubmed: 40233049google scholar: lookup
              44. Mohamed E, Zarak I, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Laval K, Nauwynck H. Genomic analysis and replication kinetics of the closely related EHV-1 neuropathogenic 21P40 and abortigenic 97P70 strains. Vet Res 2025 Jan 13;56(1):12.
                doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01434-3pubmed: 39806433google scholar: lookup
              45. Maeda M, Abe M, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Fukushi H, Kimura T. Identification of the Promoter Antisense Transcript Enhancing the Transcription of the Equine Herpesvirus-1 Immediate-Early Gene. Viruses 2024 Jul 25;16(8).
                doi: 10.3390/v16081195pubmed: 39205169google scholar: lookup
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.