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Journal of anatomy2011; 219(6); 722-733; doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01428.x

Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei.

Abstract: Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary osteon morphotypes, size and population density). Regional differences in strain-mode-specific microdamage prevalence and/or morphology might evoke and sustain the remodeling that produces this material heterogeneity in accordance with local strain characteristics. Adult calcanei from 11 animals of each species (deer, elk, sheep and horses) were transversely sectioned and examined using light and confocal microscopy. With light microscopy, 20 linear microcracks were identified (deer: 10; elk: six; horse: four; sheep: none), and with confocal microscopy substantially more microdamage with typically non-linear morphology was identified (deer: 45; elk: 24; horse: 15; sheep: none). No clear regional patterns of strain-mode-specific microdamage were found in the three species with microdamage. In these species, the highest overall concentrations occurred in the plantar cortex. This might reflect increased susceptibility of microdamage in habitual tension/shear. Absence of detectable microdamage in sheep calcanei may represent the (presumably) relatively greater physical activity of deer, elk and horses. Absence of differences in microdamage prevalence/morphology between dorsal, medial and lateral cortices of these bones, and the general absence of spatial patterns of strain-mode-specific microdamage, might reflect the prior emergence of non-uniform osteon-mediated adaptations that reduce deleterious concentrations of microdamage by the adult stage of bone development.
© Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Journal of Anatomy © 2011 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Publication Date: 2011-09-26 PubMed ID: 21951210PubMed Central: PMC3237880DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01428.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the relationship between microscopic bone damage and the different material and strain properties of calcaneal bones in deer, elk, sheep and horses. The study suggests these properties are highly regionalized due to differing mechanical strains and potentially contributes to the local remodeling and heterogeneity of the bone.

Objective and Methodology

  • The objective of this research was to understand how regionalized microscopic bone damage (microdamage) and strain heterogeneity contribute to the development and variations of the calcaneal bone – the prominent bone at the back of the foot. The study focused on deer, elk, sheep, and horses.
  • The researchers hypothesized that the regional differences in mechanical strain modes might cause strain-specific microdamage, which in turn drives regional bone remodeling. This remodeling process maintains bone health and adapts the bone strength according to the patterns of usage.
  • To investigate, researchers collected calcanei from 11 adult animals of each species and prepared them for light and confocal microscopy. This method allows for the visualization of different types of bone damage on a microscopic level.

Findings

  • The results from light microscopy showed the occurrence of linear microcracks with highest numbers in deer followed by elk, horses, and none in sheep.
  • Confocal microscopy, which is a more powerful and precise imaging tool, revealed an even greater amount of microdamage, but with non-linear morphology. Again, deer showed the highest numbers, followed by elk, horses, and none in sheep.
  • No clear pattern of region-specific microdamage was identified in relation to strain modes for the species showing microdamage.
  • The plantar cortex had the highest concentration of microdamage, possibly indicating increased damage susceptibility under habitual tension or shear loads. The absence of microdamage in sheep is potentially due to them being less physically active compared to rest of the studied species.

Implications

  • One possible interpretation for the absence of clear correlation between strain modes and microdamage patterns could be due to existing adaptive responses emerging prior to adulthood. These adaptive responses possibly reduce the harmful concentrations of microdamage. This could include the formation of secondary osteons, which help to repair and reinforce the bone structure.
  • The findings suggest that understanding regional microdamage, as well as local strain patterns, could be beneficial in comprehending the role of microscale adaptations in maintaining overall bone health and integrity.

Cite This Article

APA
Skedros JG, Sybrowsky CL, Anderson WE, Chow F. (2011). Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei. J Anat, 219(6), 722-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01428.x

Publication

Journal of anatomy
ISSN: 1469-7580
NlmUniqueID: 0137162
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 219
Issue: 6
Pages: 722-733

Researcher Affiliations

Skedros, John G
  • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah and the Utah Bone and Joint Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. jskedros@utahboneandjoint.com
Sybrowsky, Christian L
    Anderson, Wm Erick
      Chow, Frank

        MeSH Terms

        • Analysis of Variance
        • Animals
        • Biomechanical Phenomena
        • Bone Remodeling / physiology
        • Calcaneus / anatomy & histology
        • Calcaneus / physiology
        • Deer / anatomy & histology
        • Deer / physiology
        • Horses / anatomy & histology
        • Horses / physiology
        • Sheep / anatomy & histology
        • Sheep / physiology
        • Stress, Mechanical

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