[Remodeling in equine asthma - Effects of antigen avoidance and pharmacological therapy].
Abstract: The term remodeling describes the process resulting in a tissue that is structurally and architecturally altered compared to its healthy counterpart. At least in severe equine asthma, this occurs mainly, but not exclusively, as a consequence of neutrophilic airway inflammation and is characterized by hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layers in airway and arterial walls as well as fibrosis of the bronchial walls and pulmonary interstitial tissue. To date, much less is known for mild to moderate equine asthma. For a long time it was assumed that these processes are irreversible, and at least for the remodeling of airway smooth muscle this is valid until today. In contrast, remodeling of the extracellular matrix disappears almost completely following long-term remission in consequence to strict antigen avoidance and environmental improvement as well as after glucocorticoid therapy. The remodeling of the arterial vasculature is also reversible following at least 12 months of antigen avoidance and bronchodilatory therapy, but not by inhaled glucocorticoids alone. Although not proven to date, the mild to moderate forms with a good prognosis for complete recovery may be a progenitor for severe equine asthma, in which lung function is restricted even during disease remission despite the absence of obvious clinical signs. Early diagnosis and therapy are, therefore, essential for the management of equine asthma prior to the development of irreversible remodeling, in particular of the bronchial smooth muscle. Antigen avoidance is of highest importance, and should be supported by glucocorticoids and bronchodilators. Der Begriff Remodeling beschreibt den Prozess, der zu Veränderungen in Struktur und Aufbau im Vergleich zu gesundem Gewebe führt. Zumindest beim schweren equinen Asthma kommt es hauptsächlich, aber nicht ausschließlich, infolge der neutrophilen Entzündung zu einer Hypertrophie der glatten Bronchial- und arteriellen Gefäßmuskulatur sowie zu einer Fibrosierung der luftführenden Wege, aber auch des pulmonalen Interstitiums. Zur milden bis moderaten Form des equinen Asthmas ist bislang deutlich weniger bekannt. Lange wurde davon ausgegangen, dass das Remodeling irreversibel ist. Während dies für die glatte Bronchialmuskulatur weitgehend bis >heute gilt, gibt es beim Remodeling der extrazellulären Matrix der Lamina propria der Atemwege neue Erkenntnisse. Sowohl eine langfristige Remission durch konsequente Haltungsoptimierung als auch Glukokortikoide können den Kollagengehalt hier annähernd normalisieren. Das Remodeling der arteriellen Gefäßmuskulatur ist durch langfristige Haltungsoptimierung über mindestens 12 Monate und Bronchodilatatoren, nicht aber alleinig durch inhalative Glukokortikoide ebenfalls reversibel. Obwohl noch nicht abschließend geklärt, könnte die mit guter Prognose oft ausheilende milde bis moderate Form des equinen Asthmas eine Vorläuferform der schweren Form sein, bei der auch in der Phase der Remission Einschränkungen der Lungenfunktion nachweisbar sind, selbst wenn keine offensichtlichen klinischen Symptome vorliegen. Somit sind die frühzeitige Diagnosestellung des equinen Asthmas und ein früher Therapiebeginn entscheidend, damit zu Beginn der Behandlung möglichst wenige irreversible Veränderungen vorliegen. Der konsequenten Haltungsoptimierung kommt therapeutisch die größte Bedeutung zu, daneben sollten Glukokortikoide und Bronchodilatatoren eingesetzt werden.
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Publication Date: 2021-09-01 PubMed ID: 34470055DOI: 10.1055/a-1581-6231Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article explores the effects of antigen avoidance and pharmacological therapy on remodelling processes in the lungs of horses with severe asthma. The study found that such processes could be largely reversed through antigen avoidance, environmental improvement and glucocorticoid therapy.
What is Remodelling?
- Remodelling refers to structural and architectural changes in tissue compared to its normal state.
- In severe equine asthma, remodelling mainly occurs due to neutrophilic airway inflammation.
- Key changes include the enlargement (hypertrophy) of the smooth muscle layers in airway and arterial walls, and fibrosis or scarring of the bronchial walls and lung interstitial tissue. These changes were previously believed to be irreversible.
Asthma Severity and Therapy
- Less is known about remodelling in mild to moderate equine asthma. The paper suggests that these milder forms, which usually have a better recovery outlook, could potentially evolve into severe forms of equine asthma.
- To prevent irreversible changes, particularly in bronchial smooth muscles, early diagnosis and therapy are essential.
Antigen Avoidance and Medication
- Remedying environmental triggers and avoidance of allergens hold significant therapeutic value in managing this condition, alongside glucocorticoid (a class of steroid hormones) therapy and bronchodilators (medications that widen the airways).
- Extended remission is achievable through strict antigen avoidance and improvements in the horse’s surroundings.
Impact of Glucocorticoid Therapy
- Involving glucocorticoid therapy in the treatment process can almost entirely normalize collagen content in the extracellular matrix, an essential component of lung tissue.
- However, inhaled glucocorticoids alone cannot reverse the remodelling of arterial musculature. Glucocorticoids need to be supplemented with bronchodilator therapy and long-term antigen avoidance for arterial remodelling reversal.
Although this research is instrumental in managing severe equine asthma, more research is needed to fully understand the impacts of remodelling in mild to moderate forms of the condition.
Cite This Article
APA
Barton AK, Gehlen H.
(2021).
[Remodeling in equine asthma - Effects of antigen avoidance and pharmacological therapy].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 49(5), 320-325.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1581-6231 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Pferde, allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Universität Berlin.
- Klinik für Pferde, allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Universität Berlin.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Asthma / drug therapy
- Asthma / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horses
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Lung
- Muscle, Smooth
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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