Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 in freshly isolated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and changes in susceptibility following mitogen stimulation.
Abstract: In the present study, the outcome of an inoculation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was studied in vitro. Cytoplasmic and plasma membrane expression of viral antigens, intra- and extracellular virus titres, and plaque formation in co-culture were determined. EHV-1 replicated in monocytes, although in a highly restricted way. Viral antigens were found at maximum levels (8.7% of the monocytes) at 12 h post-infection. The infection was productive in 0.16% of the monocytes. The virus yield was 10(0.7) TCID(50) per productive cell. In a population of resting lymphocytes, 0.9% of cells were infected and less than 0.05% produced infectious virus. After prestimulation with different mitogens, the number of infected lymphocytes increased four to twelve times. The susceptible lymphocytes were T-lymphocytes. In mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, clear expression of viral antigens was found on the plasma membrane.
Publication Date: 2000-01-21 PubMed ID: 10640538DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-21Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research studied how equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replicates within isolated equine blood cells, and how stimulation with mitogens alters the cells’ susceptibility to infection.
Research Objective and Methodology
- The primary aim of this research was to study how equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) react when inoculated with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in a laboratory setting.
- Specifically, they focused on the detection of viral antigens in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, measuring the virus levels inside and outside the cells, and observing plaque formation when the cells were cultured together.
Findings
- The study’s findings revealed that EHV-1 could reproduce within monocytes, a type of white blood cell. However, the replication process was highly restricted.
- Viral antigens, substances that induce an immune response, were found at their highest levels—about 8.7% of the monocytes—around 12 hours after the cells were infected.
- The researchers found the rate of productive infection, where new viruses were produced, offered low at 0.16% of the monocytes. The virus yield was measured to be 10(0.7) TCID(50) per productive cell where TCID(50) is a measurement of infectious virus titer.
- In a group of resting lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, less than 0.05% were productive, and 0.9% were infected.
- The researchers also found that when the lymphocytes were stimulated beforehand with different mitogens, substances that encourage cell division and growth, the number of infected cells multiplied by four to twelve times.
- The study further identified that the lymphocytes which were susceptible to the virus were T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell central to the immune response.
- In lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens, there was a noticeable expression of viral antigens on the plasma membrane—the outer layer of the cell.
Implications
- This study provides an in-depth understanding of how EHV-1 interacts with equine blood cells, specifically monocytes and lymphocytes.
- The knowledge that mitogens increases susceptibility of lymphocytes to EHV-1 infection may contribute to future research on prevention and treatment of equine herpesvirus.
Cite This Article
APA
van Der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Bí¶®rt W, Pensaert MB.
(2000).
Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 in freshly isolated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and changes in susceptibility following mitogen stimulation.
J Gen Virol, 81(Pt 1), 21-25.
https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-21 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral / metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / physiology
- Horses
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear / virology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes / virology
- Mitogens / pharmacology
- Monocytes / virology
- Virus Replication
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Van Crombrugge E, Vanbeylen E, Van Cleemput J, Van den Broeck W, Laval K, Nauwynck H. Bacterial Toxins from Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella bronchiseptica Predispose the Horse's Respiratory Tract to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection.. Viruses 2022 Jan 14;14(1).
- Laval K, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Zhao J, Vandekerckhove AP, Gryspeerdt AC, Garré B, van der Meulen K, Baghi HB, Dubale HN, Zarak I, Van Crombrugge E, Nauwynck HJ. The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1.. Front Microbiol 2021;12:662686.
- Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection.. Pathogens 2021 Jan 7;10(1).
- Giessler KS, Samoilowa S, Soboll Hussey G, Kiupel M, Matiasek K, Sledge DG, Liesche F, Schlegel J, Fux R, Goehring LS. Viral Load and Cell Tropism During Early Latent Equid Herpesvirus 1 Infection Differ Over Time in Lymphoid and Neural Tissue Samples From Experimentally Infected Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:621.
- Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs.. Viruses 2020 Sep 8;12(9).
- Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Descamps S, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Beyond Gut Instinct: Metabolic Short-Chain Fatty Acids Moderate the Pathogenesis of Alphaherpesviruses.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:723.
- Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Couck L, Van den Broeck W, Azab W, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Bridles T Lymphocytes To Reach Its Target Organs.. J Virol 2019 Apr 1;93(7).
- Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Soboll Hussey G, Maes RK, Nauwynck HJ. Abortigenic but Not Neurotropic Equine Herpes Virus 1 Modulates the Interferon Antiviral Defense.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018;8:312.
- Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Maes R, Hussey GS, Van den Broeck W, Nauwynck HJ. Access to a main alphaherpesvirus receptor, located basolaterally in the respiratory epithelium, is masked by intercellular junctions.. Sci Rep 2017 Nov 30;7(1):16656.
- Hue ES, Richard EA, Fortier CI, Fortier GD, Paillot R, Raue R, Pronost SL. Equine PBMC Cytokines Profile after In Vitro α- and γ-EHV Infection: Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus Ovis Based-Immunomodulator Treatment.. Vaccines (Basel) 2017 Sep 19;5(3).
- Zhao J, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Nauwynck HJ. CCL2 and CCL5 driven attraction of CD172a(+) monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC).. Vet Res 2017 Feb 27;48(1):14.
- Negussie H, Li Y, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Replication characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 3: comparative analysis using ex vivo tissue cultures.. Vet Res 2016 Jan 15;47:19.
- Spiesschaert B, Goldenbogen B, Taferner S, Schade M, Mahmoud M, Klipp E, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Role of gB and pUS3 in Equine Herpesvirus 1 Transfer between Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Endothelial Cells: a Dynamic In Vitro Model.. J Virol 2015 Dec;89(23):11899-908.
- Laval K, Favoreel HW, Poelaert KC, Van Cleemput J, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Enhances Viral Replication in CD172a+ Monocytic Cells upon Adhesion to Endothelial Cells.. J Virol 2015 Nov;89(21):10912-23.
- Dewerchin HL, Cornelissen E, Nauwynck HJ. Replication of feline coronaviruses in peripheral blood monocytes.. Arch Virol 2005 Dec;150(12):2483-500.
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