FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2019; 52(2); 187-193; doi: 10.1111/evj.13142

Restoration of arterial oxygen tension in horses recovering from general anaesthesia.

Abstract: Arterial hypoxaemia is common in anaesthetised horses, but little information exists regarding restoration of arterial oxygen tension (PaO ) during recovery from anaesthesia, or if intra-operative management factors exert any longer-term effect. Objective: To evaluate PaO in horses recovering from general anaesthesia up to 1 h after resuming standing. Methods: Prospective observational clinical cohort study. Methods: Systemically healthy adult horses undergoing inhalational general anaesthesia for elective surgical procedures were studied. Arterial blood samples were obtained anaerobically prior to pre-anaesthetic medication, at end of anaesthesia, immediately following positioning in the recovery box, then at 10-min intervals until standing. Additionally, samples were taken when horses achieved sternal recumbency, at standing (STAND) and 1 h after standing (STAND+1). Data were analysed using ANOVA and mixed-effects linear regression, with significance set at P<0.05. Results: Data from one hundred and two horses were analysed. Forty horses received controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) throughout anaesthesia, 47 breathed spontaneously (SV) and 15 initially breathed spontaneously before CMV was imposed (S-CMV). Overall, PaO , P(A-a)O and PaCO remained significantly lower than baseline at STAND+1 (P<0.01). CMV resulted in higher PaO at the end of anaesthesia (P = 0.03) and during early recovery (P<0.01) than SV. Only in group S-CMV did PaO , P(A-a)O and PaCO return to baseline values at STAND+1. Highest PaO values associated with CMV were also associated with early recovery apnoea. Conclusions: Non-standardised anaesthetic management, temporal and quantitative variation in oxygen delivery during early recovery and lack of control group where oxygen was electively withheld during recovery. Conclusions: Controlled mandatory ventilation results in better pulmonary function in horses as assessed by PaO , P(A-a)O and PaCO , an effect enhanced by an initial period of SV and still evident 1 h after standing. High PaO values may contribute to early recovery apnoea but this does not adversely affect outcome. The Summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting Information.
© 2019 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-07-16 PubMed ID: 31216080DOI: 10.1111/evj.13142Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how arterial oxygen tension in horses restores after general anaesthesia. It studies the effects of different intra-operative management methods on the restoration process and found that controlled mandatory ventilation helps boost pulmonary function during and after anaesthesia.

Introduction and Objectives

  • The study’s primary aim is to probe into the restoration of arterial oxygen tension (PaO) in horses that have undergone general inhalational anaesthesia. There is insufficient data regarding oxygen tension restoration post-anaesthesia, and the researchers also intended to see if various intra-operative management strategies had any long-lasting impact on this restoration.

Methods

  • A prospective observational clinical cohort mechanism was employed to conduct this research. The test subjects were systemically healthy adult horses that underwent inhalational general anaesthesia for elective surgical procedures.
  • Arterial blood samples from the horses were taken regularly: before the administration of the pre-anaesthetic medication, at the conclusion of the anaesthesia, immediately upon being moved to the recovery box, and every 10 minutes until the horses were standing.
  • Additional samples were taken when horses achieved sternal recumbency, at the point of standing up (STAND) and 1 hour after standing (STAND+1).
  • The study used ANOVA and mixed-effects linear regression for data analysis. The significance level was set at P<0.05.

Results

  • The data collected from one hundred and two horses were analysed. Of these, forty horses had controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) throughout the anaesthesia, 47 spontaneously breathed (SV) and 15 started with SV but switched to CMV later on.
  • The results showed that, overall, the PaO, P(A-a)O and PaCO were significantly lower than baseline even at the STAND+1 timepoint (P<0.01).
  • Among the three groups, horses under controlled mandatory ventilation had a higher PaO at the end of anaesthesia and during early recovery than horses that breathed spontaneously. The CMV group saw their PaO, P(A-a)O and PaCO return to baseline at STAND+1.
  • Higher PaO values were associated with early recovery apnea in the horses that received controlled mandatory ventilation.

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that non-standardised anaesthetic management, temporal and quantitative variation in oxygen delivery during early recovery and lack of control group where oxygen was electively withheld during recovery.
  • The study found that controlled mandatory ventilation results in superior pulmonary function in horses as assessed by PaO, P(A-a)O and PaCO – an effect that is further boosted by a preliminary period of spontaneous ventilation and remains noticeable even 1 hour after standing.
  • While higher PaO levels might contribute to early recovery apnea, the study found that this does not negatively impact the overall outcome of the anaesthesia.

Cite This Article

APA
Bardell D, Mosing M, Cripps PJ. (2019). Restoration of arterial oxygen tension in horses recovering from general anaesthesia. Equine Vet J, 52(2), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13142

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 2
Pages: 187-193

Researcher Affiliations

Bardell, D
  • Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK.
Mosing, M
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK.
Cripps, P J
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Anesthesia, General / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
  • Cohort Studies
  • Horses
  • Oxygen
  • Prospective Studies

Grant Funding

  • University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science Clinical Research

References

This article includes 31 references
  1. Hubbell JAE, Muir WW. Oxygenation, oxygen delivery and anaesthesia in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 47, 25-35.
  2. Nyman G, Hedenstierna G. Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the anaesthetised horse. Equine Vet. J. 21, 274-281.
  3. Nyman G, Funkquist B, Kvart C, Frostell C, Tokics L, Strandberg A, Lundquist H, Lundh B, Brismar B, Hedenstierna G. Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse. Equine Vet. J. 22, 317-324.
  4. Akca O, Podolsky A, Eisenhuber E, Panzer O, Hetz H. Comparable postoperative pulmonary atelectasis in patients given 30% or 80% oxygen during and 2 hours after colon resection. Anesthesiol. 91, 991-998.
  5. Marntell S, Nyman G, Hedenstierna G. High inspired oxygen concentrations increase intrapulmonary shunt in anaesthetised horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 32, 338-347.
  6. Littlejohn A. Acid-base and blood-gas studies in horses. II. Tracheal end tidal and arterial blood gas tensions in horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 10, 263-266.
  7. Milne DW, Muir WW, Skarda RT. Pulmonary arterial wedge pressures: blood gas tensions and pH in the resting horse. Am. J. Vet. Res. 36, 1431-1434.
  8. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I, Mayer-Valor R, Rodriguez M. Arterial blood gases and acid base balance in healthy young and aged horses. Equine Vet. J. 30, 352-354.
  9. Hall LW, Gillespie JR, Tyler WS. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension differences in anaesthetised horses. Br. J. Anaesth. 40, 560-568.
  10. Gallivan GJ. Comparative ventilation and gas exchange in the horse and cow. Res. Vet. Sci. 46, 331-336.
  11. DeMoor A, Desmet P, Verschooten F. Influence of body position on arterial oxygenation and acid-base status in the horse in lateral recumbency anaesthetised with halothane and efficiency of postanaesthetic oxygen administration. Zbl. Vet. Med. 21, 525-531.
  12. Mason D, Muir WW, Wade A. Arterial blood gas tensions in the horse during recovery from anaesthesia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 190, 989-994.
  13. McMurphy RM, Cribb PH. Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse. Can. Vet. J. 30, 37-41.
  14. Day TK, Gaynor JS, Muir WW, Bednarski RM, Mason DE. Blood gas values during intermittent positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous ventilation in 160 anesthetized horses positioned in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Vet. Surg. 24, 266-276.
  15. Wolff K, Moens Y. Gas exchange during inhalation anaesthesia of horses: a comparison between immediate versus delayed start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation - a clinical study. Pferdeheilkunde 26, 706-711.
  16. Nyman G, Frostell C, Hedenstierna G, Funkquist B, Kvart C, Blomqvist H. Selective mechanical ventilation of dependent lung regions in the anaesthetised horse in dorsal recumbency. Br. J. Anaesth. 59, 1027-1034.
  17. Soni N, Williams P. Positive pressure ventilation: what is the real cost?. Br. J. Anaesth. 101, 446-457.
  18. Wright BD, Hildebrand SV. An evaluation of apnoea or spontaneous ventilation in early recovery following mechanical ventilation in the anesthetised horse. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 28, 26-33.
  19. Jolly S, Art T, Lekeux P. Transient respiration locomotion decoupling in galloping Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet. J. 18, 13-17.
  20. Littlejohn A. The behaviour of horses recovering from anaesthesia. Br. Vet. J. 126, 617-620.
  21. Mosing M, Waldman AD, MacFarlane P, Iff S, Auer U, Bohm SH, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Bardell D. Horses auto-recruit their lungs by inspiratory breath holding following recovery from general anaesthesia. PLoS One 11, 1-12.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158080google scholar: lookup
  22. Lumb AB. Anaesthesia. pp 183.
  23. Thompson KR, Bardell D. The effect of two different intra-operative end-tidal carbon dioxide tensions on apnoeic duration in the recovery period in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 43, 163-170.
  24. Lofaso F, Dauger S, Matrot B, Vardon G, Gaultier C, Gallego J. Inhibitory effects of repeated hyperoxia on breathing in newborn mice. Eur. Respir. J. 29, 18-24.
  25. Grisk O, Exner J, Schmidt M, Honig A. Effects of acute hypoxia and hyperoxia on ventilation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 57, 177-180.
  26. Gautier H, Bonora M, Gaudy JH. Ventilatory response of the conscious or anesthetized cat to oxygen breathing. Respir. Physiol. 65, 181-196.
  27. Haouzi P, Allioui EM, Gille JP, Bedez Y, Tousseul B, Chalon B. Stimulation of ventilation by normobaric hyperoxia in exercising dogs. Exp. Physiol. 85, 829-838.
  28. Griffin HS, Pugh K, Kumar P, Balanos GM. Long-term facilitation of ventilation following acute continuous hypoxia in awake humans during sustained hypercapnia. J. Physiol. 590(20), 5151-5165.
  29. Rodman JR, Curran AK, Henderson KS, Dempsey JA, Smith CA. Carotid body denervation in dogs: eupnea and the ventilator response to hyperoxic hypercapnia. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 328-335.
  30. Bisgard GE, Forster HV, Orr JA, Buss DD, Rawlings CA, Rasmussen B. Hypoventilation in ponies after carotid body denervation. J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 184-190.
  31. Gleed RD, Dobson A. Improvement in arterial oxygen tension with change in posture in anaesthetised horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 44, 255-259.

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061777pubmed: 34198637google scholar: lookup
  2. Cerullo M, Driessen B, Douglas H, Hopster K. Changes in Arterial Blood Pressure and Oxygen Tension as a Result of Hoisting in Isoflurane Anesthetized Healthy Adult Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:601326.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.601326pubmed: 33324704google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.