Review of the Mechanism of Action and Use of Bisphosphonates in Horses.

Bisphosphonates are drugs used in horses to decrease bone resorption, amongst other therapeutic actions, and this study aims to review how these drugs function and their various uses, while also summarizing horse-related literature including safety and regulations.

Mechanism of Action of Bisphosphonates

• Bisphosphonates primarily function to suppress bone resorption, a process where the bone breaks down and releases minerals into the bloodstream. This is achieved by these drugs incorporating themselves into the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite, a major component of bone and tooth enamel that is exposed during the resorption process.
• Once these drugs are integrated, they can be taken up by osteoclasts, cells that are responsible for bone resorption. This reduces the action of these cells, thereby reducing the breakdown of bone.
• Bisphosphonates have also been understood to perform other functions such as reducing pain and inflammation. They can also modify the function of macrophages, which are immune cells that are significant in disease response.

Types of Bisphosphonates

• The study highlights two major types of bisphosphonates: Nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous.
• These two types are distinct in structure and function, with the non-nitrogenous type being the one commonly used for horses.

Therapeutic Uses of Bisphosphonates

• The study reviews numerous proposed uses of bisphosphonates in therapy, with the central application being in the regulation of bone decay.
• Given their multi-functional nature, therapeutic applications might extend beyond bone-related conditions.

Review of Horse-Related Literature

• The article also examines available literature related to the use of bisphosphonates in horses.
• This includes safety data, which is crucial in determining the potential risks associated with the use of these drugs.
• The study looks into the current rules and regulations surrounding the use of bisphosphonates in horses, which is necessary to understand the legal considerations involved.