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Veterinary pathology2010; 47(5); 790-805; doi: 10.1177/0300985810372508

REVIEW PAPER: pathology of animal models of alphavirus encephalitis.

Abstract: The encephalitides caused by Venezuelan (VEEV), eastern (EEEV), and western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses are important natural diseases of horses and humans and potential agents of biowarfare or bioterrorism. No licensed vaccines or specific therapies exist to prevent or treat human infections with VEEV, EEEV, or WEEV. Well-characterized animal models are needed to support the development of such medical countermeasures under the United States Food and Drug Administration's "Animal Rule." This review focuses on the pathological features and pathogenetic mechanisms of these alphaviral encephalitides in animal models, with an emphasis on aerosol infections. Infection of mice, nonhuman primates, and other species with VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV causes encephalitis and often death. There is great variability in the specific manifestations of disease in the different models, however. Many aspects of the disease in animal models and in humans remain to be characterized using modern methods. Especially needed is a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in 3 key phases of the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalitis. These are the early extraneural phase, the process of neuroinvasion itself, and virus and host factors related to neurovirulence. A greater understanding of these aspects could provide avenues for the development of medical countermeasures and better establish suitable animal models of alphavirus encephalitis for testing them under the Animal Rule.
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Publication Date: 2010-06-15 PubMed ID: 20551475DOI: 10.1177/0300985810372508Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the implications of animal models as part of efforts to understand and develop countermeasures against encephalitis diseases caused by Venezuelan (VEEV), eastern (EEEV), western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses in horses and humans. The paper zeroes in on the pathology of these illnesses and pathogenic mechanisms in animal models particularly, when it involves aerosol infections.

Focus of the Research

  • The research primarily targets to comprehend the pathology of encephalitides in animal model mainly caused by VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV viruses.
  • The study emphasizes the need for well-characterized animal models that can aid the development of medical countermeasures, given there are no licensed vaccines or specific therapies available currently for prevention or treatment of these infections.

Animal Model Significance

  • Through animal models, the process of infection caused by VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV viruses can be closely studied, leading to observation of symptoms such as encephalitis and often death.
  • The study notes the high degree of variability in disease manifestations amongst different animal models.

Avenues for Further Research

  • The research calls for improved characterization of the disease in animal models as well as in humans using modern methodologies. This shows the need for further investigation and research in this domain.
  • The authors insist on a better understanding of three phases in the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalitis – the early extraneural phase, neuroinvasion process, and factors relating to neurovirulence derived from the virus and host.

Potential Impact of Research

  • Gaining deeper understanding of disease mechanisms could potentially pave way for the development of medical countermeasures.
  • The findings could help establish proper animal models for alpha virus encephalitis, thus providing a reliable platform for testing potential countermeasures as per the “Animal Rule” regulations set by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Cite This Article

APA
Steele KE, Twenhafel NA. (2010). REVIEW PAPER: pathology of animal models of alphavirus encephalitis. Vet Pathol, 47(5), 790-805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985810372508

Publication

Veterinary pathology
ISSN: 1544-2217
NlmUniqueID: 0312020
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 47
Issue: 5
Pages: 790-805

Researcher Affiliations

Steele, K E
  • US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA. steelek@nbacc.net
Twenhafel, N A

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Disease Models, Animal
    • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / immunology
    • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / immunology
    • Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine / immunology
    • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / immunology
    • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / pathology
    • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / virology
    • Horse Diseases / immunology
    • Horse Diseases / pathology
    • Horse Diseases / virology
    • Horses
    • Humans
    • Mice
    • Zoonoses / virology

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