Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression.
Abstract: To determine safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of an intranasal cold-adapted modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine administered to ponies following induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Fifteen 9- to 15-month old ponies that had not had influenza. Methods: Five ponies were vaccinated after 5 days of strenuous exercise on a high-speed treadmill, 5 were vaccinated without undergoing exercise, and 5 were not vaccinated or exercised and served as controls. Three months later, all ponies were challenged by nebulization of homologous equine influenza virus. Clinical and hematologic responses and viral shedding were monitored, and serum and nasal secretions were collected for determination of influenza-virus-specific antibody isotype responses. Results: Exercise caused immunosuppression, as indicated by depression of lymphocyte proliferation in response to pokeweed mitogen. Vaccination did not result in adverse clinical effects, and none of the vaccinated ponies developed clinical signs of infection following challenge exposure. In contrast, challenge exposure caused marked clinical signs of respiratory tract disease in 4 control ponies. Vaccinated and control ponies shed virus after challenge exposure. Antibody responses to vaccination were restricted to serum IgGa and IgGb responses in both vaccination groups. After challenge exposure, ponies in all groups generated serum IgGa and IgGb and nasal IgA responses. Patterns of serum hemagglutination inhibition titers were similar to patterns of IgGa and IgGb responses. Conclusions: Results suggested that administration of this MLV vaccine to ponies with exercise-induced immunosuppression was safe and that administration of a single dose to ponies provided clinical protection 3 months later.
Publication Date: 2001-04-11 PubMed ID: 11294315DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.900Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This study investigates the safety, effectiveness, and immune response of an intranasal cold-adapted modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine given to ponies, after they had been exposed to strenuous exercise that induced an immune response. It found the vaccine to be safe and protective, even in ponies with temporary immune suppression due to physical activity.
Experiment Design and Methodology
- The researchers ran a prospective study involving fifteen young ponies, aged between 9 to 15 months that had no prior exposure to influenza.
- Five ponies were subjected to five days of strenuous exercise then vaccinated, another five were only vaccinated, and the remaining five neither conducted exercise nor were vaccinated – they acted as the control group.
- Three months post-vaccination, all the ponies were exposed to an equine influenza virus in a standardized manner through nebulization.
- The researchers kept a close watch on the clinical signs, blood results, virus shedding in vaccinated and control horses. They also collected serum and nasal secretions to evaluate antibody isotype responses specific to the influenza virus.
Results
- Exercise was found to cause a degree of immunosuppression in the ponies, as evidenced by a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation in reaction to pokeweed mitogen.
- Vaccination did not result in any adverse clinical effects. Also, none of the vaccinated ponies presented any clinical signs of infection after exposure to the virus.
- On the other hand, four out of five control ponies presented distinct clinical signs of respiratory disease following exposure.
- Both vaccinated and control ponies shed the virus after exposure. However, vaccinated ponies were clinically healthy despite this fact.
- Antibody response to the vaccine was similarly observed in serum IgGa and IgGb responses in both groups of vaccinated ponies. After being exposed to the virus, all ponies generated similar serum IgGa and IgGb as well as nasal IgA responses.
- The pattern of serum hemagglutination inhibition titers, a test used to measure the level of influenza antibodies, mirrored the patterns of IgGa and IgGb responses.
Conclusions
- The study results suggest that modified-live equine influenza vaccine administered to ponies, even during a period of exercise-induced immunosuppression, is safe. Moreover, a single dose was shown to provide clinical protection 3 months later.
Cite This Article
APA
Lunn DP, Hussey S, Sebing R, Rushlow KE, Radecki SV, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Chambers TM, Holland RE, Horohov DW.
(2001).
Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression.
J Am Vet Med Assoc, 218(6), 900-906.
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.900 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Immune Tolerance / immunology
- Immunoglobulin A / biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G / biosynthesis
- Immunosuppression Therapy / veterinary
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / standards
- Lymphocyte Activation / immunology
- Nebulizers and Vaporizers / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Physical Exertion / physiology
- Prospective Studies
- Safety
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated / standards
- Virus Shedding
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Perzyna M, Grzędzicka J, Milczek-Haduch D, Dąbrowska I, Trela M, Pawliński B, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jul-Aug;39(4):e70137.
- Elliott S, Olufemi OT, Daly JM. Systematic Review of Equine Influenza A Virus Vaccine Studies and Meta-Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2023 Nov 28;15(12).
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
- Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
- Shin J, Kim OK, Kim S, Bae D, Lee J, Park J, Jun W. Immunomodulatory Effect of a Salvia plebeia R. Aqueous Extract in Forced Swimming Exercise-induced Mice. Nutrients 2020 Jul 28;12(8).
- Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
- Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine. Virology 2018 Mar;516:76-85.
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Ozawa M, Kawaoka Y. Cross talk between animal and human influenza viruses. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013 Jan;1:21-42.
- Pecoraro HL, Lee JS, Achenbach J, Nelson S Jr, Landolt GA. Seroprevalence of canine influenza virus (H3N8) in Iditarod racing sled dogs. Can Vet J 2012 Oct;53(10):1091-4.
- Ault A, Zajac AM, Kong WP, Gorres JP, Royals M, Wei CJ, Bao S, Yang ZY, Reedy SE, Sturgill TL, Page AE, Donofrio-Newman J, Adams AA, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. Immunogenicity and clinical protection against equine influenza by DNA vaccination of ponies. Vaccine 2012 Jun 6;30(26):3965-74.
- Pena L, Vincent AL, Ye J, Ciacci-Zanella JR, Angel M, Lorusso A, Gauger PC, Janke BH, Loving CL, Perez DR. Modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple-reassortant influenza virus to generate live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. J Virol 2011 Jan;85(1):456-69.
- Gildea S, Arkins S, Cullinane A. A comparative antibody study of the potential susceptibility of Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred horse populations in Ireland to equine influenza virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):363-72.
- Quinlivan M, Zamarin D, García-Sastre A, Cullinane A, Chambers T, Palese P. Attenuation of equine influenza viruses through truncations of the NS1 protein. J Virol 2005 Jul;79(13):8431-9.
- Malm C. Exercise immunology: the current state of man and mouse. Sports Med 2004;34(9):555-66.
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