FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
PloS one2017; 12(10); e0186258; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186258

Serial-omics characterization of equine urine.

Abstract: Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based-omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-10-13 PubMed ID: 29028822PubMed Central: PMC5640239DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186258Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research aimed to analyze small volumes of horse urine to identify and quantify proteins, metabolites, and lipids, which could serve as health or disease biomarkers, or evidence of drug tampering. In this process, urine from a healthy horse was sampled, treated, and partitioned, and each component was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Methodology Overview

  • The urine sample was taken from a different 12 years old mare that lived on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements, with limited access to pasture.
  • The collected urine was subjected to a single liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol. This resulted in three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid, and polar metabolite content. The extraction was done twice to ensure accuracy.
  • Every layer was subsequently analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method enabled the researchers to obtain protein sequence information and evaluate relative protein levels, and to identify and quantify low-level polar metabolites and lipids.

Results and Findings

  • The results revealed the presence of 46 different proteins in the horse’s urine, many of which were associated with normal kidney function and were structural and circulatory proteins.
  • Additionally, 474 small polar metabolites were identified, with the majority related to the urea cycle, ammonia recycling, and amino acid pathways. There were also molecules specific to a plant-based diet.
  • On the other hand, the researchers found only 10 lipid molecules, representing triglycerides and phospholipids.
  • All this data was gleaned from a mere 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot, demonstrating the detailed level of information that can be derived from small samples.

Implications and Potential Applications

  • The thorough omics characterization of the equine urine serves as a baseline for the composition of a healthy mare’s urine.
  • The methodologies and analyses employed in this research could be used to track disease progression and monitor the general health status of horses. They can also be potentially exploited to detect drug usage and any form of doping in performance horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Yuan M, Breitkopf SB, Asara JM. (2017). Serial-omics characterization of equine urine. PLoS One, 12(10), e0186258. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186258

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: e0186258
PII: e0186258

Researcher Affiliations

Yuan, Min
  • Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Breitkopf, Susanne B
  • Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
  • Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Asara, John M
  • Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
  • Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Lipids / urine
  • Metabolomics / methods
  • Time Factors
  • Urinalysis

Grant Funding

  • P01 CA120964 / NCI NIH HHS
  • P30 CA006516 / NCI NIH HHS
  • S10 OD010612 / NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

This article includes 72 references
  1. Cox J, Mann M. Quantitative, high-resolution proteomics for data-driven systems biology.. Annu Rev Biochem 2011;80:273-99.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061308-093216pubmed: 21548781google scholar: lookup
  2. Ehrich JH, Schiffer E, Drube J. [Urinary proteomics: the diagnostic key for urinary tract abnormalities and kidney diseases in children?].. Urologe A 2011 Feb;50(2):170-9.
    pubmed: 21161159doi: 10.1007/s00120-010-2467-5google scholar: lookup
  3. Mikami T, Aoki M, Kimura T. The application of mass spectrometry to proteomics and metabolomics in biomarker discovery and drug development.. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2012 Jun;5(2):301-16.
    pubmed: 22122469doi: 10.2174/1874467211205020301google scholar: lookup
  4. Stojiljkovic N, Paris A, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Tabet JC, Junot C. Evaluation of horse urine sample preparation methods for metabolomics using LC coupled to HRMS.. Bioanalysis 2014 Mar;6(6):785-803.
    doi: 10.4155/bio.13.324pubmed: 24702112google scholar: lookup
  5. Eliuk S, Makarov A. Evolution of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation.. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2015;8:61-80.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040325pubmed: 26161972google scholar: lookup
  6. Breitkopf SB, Asara JM. Determining in vivo phosphorylation sites using mass spectrometry.. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 2012 Apr;Chapter 18:Unit18.19.1-27.
    doi: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1819s98pmc: PMC3332032pubmed: 22470061google scholar: lookup
  7. Walther TC, Mann M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in cell biology.. J Cell Biol 2010 Aug 23;190(4):491-500.
    doi: 10.1083/jcb.201004052pmc: PMC2928005pubmed: 20733050google scholar: lookup
  8. Breitkopf SB, Ricoult SJH, Yuan M, Xu Y, Peake DA, Manning BD, Asara JM. A relative quantitative positive/negative ion switching method for untargeted lipidomics via high resolution LC-MS/MS from any biological source.. Metabolomics 2017 Mar;13(3).
    doi: 10.1007/s11306-016-1157-8pmc: PMC5421409pubmed: 28496395google scholar: lookup
  9. Breitkopf SB, Yuan M, Helenius KP, Lyssiotis CA, Asara JM. Triomics Analysis of Imatinib-Treated Myeloma Cells Connects Kinase Inhibition to RNA Processing and Decreased Lipid Biosynthesis.. Anal Chem 2015 Nov 3;87(21):10995-1006.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03040pmc: PMC5585869pubmed: 26434776google scholar: lookup
  10. Chan GH, Ho EN, Leung DK, Wong KS, Wan TS. Targeted Metabolomics Approach To Detect the Misuse of Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors in Equine Sports by Biomarker Profiling.. Anal Chem 2016 Jan 5;88(1):764-72.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03165pubmed: 26632865google scholar: lookup
  11. DiMaio Knych HK, Arthur RM, Taylor A, Moeller BC, Stanley SD. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dantrolene in horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011 Jun;34(3):238-46.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01214.xpubmed: 21492188google scholar: lookup
  12. Dumasia MC, Houghton E, Hyde W, Greulich D, Nelson T, Peterson J. Detection of fenspiride and identification of in vivo metabolites in horse body fluids by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: administration, biotransformation and urinary excretion after a single oral dose.. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002 Feb 5;767(1):131-44.
    pubmed: 11863284doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00556-4google scholar: lookup
  13. Escalona EE, Leng J, Dona AC, Merrifield CA, Holmes E, Proudman CJ, Swann JR. Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids.. Equine Vet J 2015 Nov;47(6):721-30.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12333pubmed: 25130591google scholar: lookup
  14. Grace PB, Drake EC, Teale P, Houghton E. Quantification of 19-nortestosterone sulphate and boldenone sulphate in urine from male horses using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008 Oct;22(19):2999-3007.
    doi: 10.1002/rcm.3698pubmed: 18777513google scholar: lookup
  15. Guan F, Uboh C, Soma L, Hess A, Luo Y, Tsang DS. Sensitive liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of beclomethasone dipropionate and its metabolites in equine plasma and urine.. J Mass Spectrom 2003 Aug;38(8):823-38.
    doi: 10.1002/jms.495pubmed: 12938103google scholar: lookup
  16. Ho EN, Leung DK, Leung GN, Wan TS, Wong HN, Xu X, Yeung JH. Metabolic studies of mesterolone in horses.. Anal Chim Acta 2007 Jul 16;596(1):149-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.052pubmed: 17616252google scholar: lookup
  17. Kieken F, Pinel G, Antignac JP, Monteau F, Christelle Paris A, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Le Bizec B. Development of a metabonomic approach based on LC-ESI-HRMS measurements for profiling of metabolic changes induced by recombinant equine growth hormone in horse urine.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009 Aug;394(8):2119-28.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-2912-8pubmed: 19585110google scholar: lookup
  18. Kollias-Baker C, Maxwell L, Stanley S, Boone T. Detection and quantification of cocaine metabolites in urine samples from horses administered cocaine.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003 Dec;26(6):429-34.
    pubmed: 14962054doi: 10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00535.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Kuuranne T, Thomas A, Leinonen A, Delahaut P, Bosseloir A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Insulins in equine urine: qualitative analysis by immunoaffinity purification and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes in horse-racing.. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008;22(3):355-62.
    doi: 10.1002/rcm.3360pubmed: 18181226google scholar: lookup
  20. Lehner AF, Hughes CG, Karpiesiuk W, Harkins JD, Dirikolu L, Bosken J, Camargo F, Boyles J, Troppmann A, Woods WE, Tobin T. Development of a method for the detection and confirmation of the alpha-2 agonist amitraz and its major metabolite in horse urine.. J Anal Toxicol 2004 Oct;28(7):553-62.
    pubmed: 15516314doi: 10.1093/jat/28.7.553google scholar: lookup
  21. Leung GN, Kwok WH, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ. Metabolic studies of formestane in horses.. Drug Test Anal 2013 Jun;5(6):412-9.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.1444pubmed: 23339113google scholar: lookup
  22. McKinney AR, Suann CJ, Stenhouse AM. The detection of modafinil and its major metabolite in equine urine by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005;19(10):1217-20.
    doi: 10.1002/rcm.1910pubmed: 15834965google scholar: lookup
  23. Scarth JP, Spencer HA, Timbers SE, Hudson SC, Hillyer LL. The use of in vitro technologies coupled with high resolution accurate mass LC-MS for studying drug metabolism in equine drug surveillance.. Drug Test Anal 2010 Jan;2(1):1-10.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.88pubmed: 20878880google scholar: lookup
  24. Spyridaki MH, Lyris E, Georgoulakis I, Kouretas D, Konstantinidou M, Georgakopoulos CG. Determination of xylazine and its metabolites by GC-MS in equine urine for doping analysis.. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004 Apr 1;35(1):107-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.007pubmed: 15030885google scholar: lookup
  25. Taylor P, Scarth JP, Hillyer LL. Use of in vitro technologies to study phase II conjugation in equine sports drug surveillance.. Bioanalysis 2010 Dec;2(12):1971-88.
    doi: 10.4155/bio.10.135pubmed: 21110741google scholar: lookup
  26. Wieder ME, Brown PR, Grainger L, Teale P. Identification of etamiphylline and metabolites in equine plasma and urine by accurate mass and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.. Drug Test Anal 2010 Jun;2(6):271-7.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.133pubmed: 20564606google scholar: lookup
  27. Yamada M, Aramaki S, Hosoe T, Kurosawa M, Kijima-Suda I, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Characterization and quantification of fluoxymesterone metabolite in horse urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.. Anal Sci 2008 Jul;24(7):911-4.
    pubmed: 18614835doi: 10.2116/analsci.24.911google scholar: lookup
  28. Yamada M, Kinoshita K, Kurosawa M, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Analysis of exogenous nandrolone metabolite in horse urine by gas chromatography/combustion/carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry.. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007 Nov 30;45(4):654-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.07.005pubmed: 17714906google scholar: lookup
  29. Yu NH, Ho EN, Leung DK, Wan TS. Screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005 Apr 29;37(5):1031-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.041pubmed: 15862683google scholar: lookup
  30. Chen Z, Kim J. Urinary proteomics and metabolomics studies to monitor bladder health and urological diseases.. BMC Urol 2016 Mar 22;16:11.
    doi: 10.1186/s12894-016-0129-7pmc: PMC4802825pubmed: 27000794google scholar: lookup
  31. Yang X, Friedman A, Nagpal S, Perrimon N, Asara JM. Use of a label-free quantitative platform based on MS/MS average TIC to calculate dynamics of protein complexes in insulin signaling.. J Biomol Tech 2009 Dec;20(5):272-7.
    pmc: PMC2777340pubmed: 19949701
  32. Doll S, Burlingame AL. Mass spectrometry-based detection and assignment of protein posttranslational modifications.. ACS Chem Biol 2015 Jan 16;10(1):63-71.
    doi: 10.1021/cb500904bpmc: PMC4301092pubmed: 25541750google scholar: lookup
  33. Olsen JV, Mann M. Status of large-scale analysis of post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013 Dec;12(12):3444-52.
    doi: 10.1074/mcp.O113.034181pmc: PMC3861698pubmed: 24187339google scholar: lookup
  34. Thomas S, Hao L, Ricke WA, Li L. Biomarker discovery in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics.. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016 Apr;10(4):358-70.
    doi: 10.1002/prca.201500102pmc: PMC4888976pubmed: 26703953google scholar: lookup
  35. Brandt LE, Ehrhart EJ, Scherman H, Olver CS, Bohn AA, Prenni JE. Characterization of the canine urinary proteome.. Vet Clin Pathol 2014 Jun;43(2):193-205.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12147pubmed: 24773128google scholar: lookup
  36. Sun W, Li F, Wu S, Wang X, Zheng D, Wang J, Gao Y. Human urine proteome analysis by three separation approaches.. Proteomics 2005 Dec;5(18):4994-5001.
    doi: 10.1002/pmic.200401334pubmed: 16281181google scholar: lookup
  37. Thongboonkerd V, McLeish KR, Arthur JM, Klein JB. Proteomic analysis of normal human urinary proteins isolated by acetone precipitation or ultracentrifugation.. Kidney Int 2002 Oct;62(4):1461-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2002.kid565.xpubmed: 12234320google scholar: lookup
  38. Naquet P, Pitari G, Duprè S, Galland F. Role of the Vnn1 pantetheinase in tissue tolerance to stress.. Biochem Soc Trans 2014 Aug;42(4):1094-100.
    doi: 10.1042/BST20140092pubmed: 25110008google scholar: lookup
  39. Nitto T, Onodera K. Linkage between coenzyme a metabolism and inflammation: roles of pantetheinase.. J Pharmacol Sci 2013 Sep 20;123(1):1-8.
    pubmed: 23978960doi: 10.1254/jphs.13r01cpgoogle scholar: lookup
  40. Yamazaki T, Goya I, Graf D, Craig S, Martin-Orozco N, Dong C. A butyrophilin family member critically inhibits T cell activation.. J Immunol 2010 Nov 15;185(10):5907-14.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000835pubmed: 20944003google scholar: lookup
  41. Pathan S, Gowdy RE, Cooney R, Beckly JB, Hancock L, Guo C, Barrett JC, Morris A, Jewell DP. Confirmation of the novel association at the BTNL2 locus with ulcerative colitis.. Tissue Antigens 2009 Oct;74(4):322-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01314.xpubmed: 19659809google scholar: lookup
  42. Mayumi T, Inui K, Maetani I, Yokoe M, Sakamoto T, Yoshida M, Ko S, Hirata K, Takada T. Validity of the urinary trypsinogen-2 test in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.. Pancreas 2012 Aug;41(6):869-75.
    doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182480ab7pubmed: 22481290google scholar: lookup
  43. Martin B, Silberzahn P. Concentration decrease of corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) in plasma of the mare throughout pregnancy.. J Steroid Biochem 1990 Jan;35(1):121-5.
    pubmed: 2308323doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90155-lgoogle scholar: lookup
  44. Rosner W, Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Singer CJ, Nakhla AM. Are corticosteroid-binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin hormones?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;538:137-45.
    pubmed: 3056181doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb48859.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  45. Mordente A, Meucci E, Martorana GE, Silvestrini A. Cancer Biomarkers Discovery and Validation: State of the Art, Problems and Future Perspectives.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;867:9-26.
    doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_2pubmed: 26530357google scholar: lookup
  46. Lau TYK, Collins BC, Stone P, Tang N, Gallagher WM, Pennington SR. Absolute Quantification of Toxicological Biomarkers via Mass Spectrometry.. Methods Mol Biol 2017;1641:337-348.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7172-5_19pubmed: 28748474google scholar: lookup
  47. Mi H, Huang X, Muruganujan A, Tang H, Mills C, Kang D, Thomas PD. PANTHER version 11: expanded annotation data from Gene Ontology and Reactome pathways, and data analysis tool enhancements.. Nucleic Acids Res 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D183-D189.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1138pmc: PMC5210595pubmed: 27899595google scholar: lookup
  48. Yuan M, Breitkopf SB, Yang X, Asara JM. A positive/negative ion-switching, targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics platform for bodily fluids, cells, and fresh and fixed tissue.. Nat Protoc 2012 Apr 12;7(5):872-81.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.024pmc: PMC3685491pubmed: 22498707google scholar: lookup
  49. Xia J, Wishart DS. Using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 for Comprehensive Metabolomics Data Analysis.. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 2016 Sep 7;55:14.10.1-14.10.91.
    doi: 10.1002/cpbi.11pubmed: 27603023google scholar: lookup
  50. Warrack BM, Hnatyshyn S, Ott KH, Reily MD, Sanders M, Zhang H, Drexler DM. Normalization strategies for metabonomic analysis of urine samples.. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009 Feb 15;877(5-6):547-52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.007pubmed: 19185549google scholar: lookup
  51. Zhang Y, Gu L, Jiang Y, Bi K, Chen X. Quantitative analysis of biomarkers of liver and kidney injury in serum and urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column: Application to monitor injury induced by Euphorbiae pekinensis Radix.. J Sep Sci 2016 Oct;39(20):3936-3945.
    doi: 10.1002/jssc.201600470pubmed: 27568578google scholar: lookup
  52. Kamiguchi H, Yamaguchi M, Murabayashi M, Mori I, Horinouchi A. Method development and validation for simultaneous quantitation of endogenous hippuric acid and phenylacetylglycine in rat urine using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016 Nov 1;1035:76-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.036pubmed: 27697729google scholar: lookup
  53. Gao Y, Lu Y, Huang S, Gao L, Liang X, Wu Y, Wang J, Huang Q, Tang L, Wang G, Yang F, Hu S, Chen Z, Wang P, Jiang Q, Huang R, Xu Y, Yang X, Ong CN. Identifying early urinary metabolic changes with long-term environmental exposure to cadmium by mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics.. Environ Sci Technol 2014 Jun 3;48(11):6409-18.
    doi: 10.1021/es500750wpubmed: 24834460google scholar: lookup
  54. Dams R, Murphy CM, Lambert WE, Huestis MA. Urine drug testing for opioids, cocaine, and metabolites by direct injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003;17(14):1665-70.
    doi: 10.1002/rcm.1098pubmed: 12845594google scholar: lookup
  55. Eichhorst J, Etter M, Lepage J, Lehotay DC. Urinary screening for methylphenidate (Ritalin) abuse: a comparison of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and immunoassay methods.. Clin Biochem 2004 Mar;37(3):175-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.006pubmed: 14972638google scholar: lookup
  56. Fitzgerald RL, Griffin TL, Yun YM, Godfrey RA, West R, Pesce AJ, Herold DA. Dilute and shoot: analysis of drugs of abuse using selected reaction monitoring for quantification and full scan product ion spectra for identification.. J Anal Toxicol 2012 Mar;36(2):106-11.
    doi: 10.1093/jat/bkr024pubmed: 22337779google scholar: lookup
  57. Wu AH, Gerona R, Armenian P, French D, Petrie M, Lynch KL. Role of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS) in clinical toxicology.. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012 Sep;50(8):733-42.
    doi: 10.3109/15563650.2012.713108pubmed: 22888997google scholar: lookup
  58. González-Billalabeitia E, Seitzer N, Song SJ, Song MS, Patnaik A, Liu XS, Epping MT, Papa A, Hobbs RM, Chen M, Lunardi A, Ng C, Webster KA, Signoretti S, Loda M, Asara JM, Nardella C, Clohessy JG, Cantley LC, Pandolfi PP. Vulnerabilities of PTEN-TP53-deficient prostate cancers to compound PARP-PI3K inhibition.. Cancer Discov 2014 Aug;4(8):896-904.
    doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0230pmc: PMC4125493pubmed: 24866151google scholar: lookup
  59. Kienzl E, Eichinger K, Sofic E, Jellinger K, Riederer P, Kuhn W, Fuchs G, Laux G. Urinary dopamine sulfate: regulations and significance in neurological disorders.. J Neural Transm Suppl 1990;32:471-9.
    pubmed: 2089110doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9113-2_64google scholar: lookup
  60. Koeberl DD, Young SP, Gregersen NS, Vockley J, Smith WE, Benjamin DK Jr, An Y, Weavil SD, Chaing SH, Bali D, McDonald MT, Kishnani PS, Chen YT, Millington DS. Rare disorders of metabolism with elevated butyryl- and isobutyryl-carnitine detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening.. Pediatr Res 2003 Aug;54(2):219-23.
    doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000074972.36356.89pubmed: 12736383google scholar: lookup
  61. van de Merbel NC, Tinke AP, Oosterhuis B, Jonkman JH, Bohle JF. Determination of pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilocarpic acid and isopilocarpic acid in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection.. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998 Apr 24;708(1-2):103-12.
    pubmed: 9653952doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00643-9google scholar: lookup
  62. Hansen P, Clerc B. Anisocoria in the dog provoked by a toxic contact with an ornamental plant: Datura stramonium.. Vet Ophthalmol 2002 Dec;5(4):277-9.
    pubmed: 12445299doi: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00224.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  63. Jugdé H, Nguy D, Moller I, Cooney JM, Atkinson RG. Isolation and characterization of a novel glycosyltransferase that converts phloretin to phlorizin, a potent antioxidant in apple.. FEBS J 2008 Aug;275(15):3804-14.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06526.xpubmed: 18573104google scholar: lookup
  64. da Cunha MG, Rosalen PL, Franchin M, de Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Ransom T, Beutler JA. Antiproliferative Constituents of Geopropolis from the Bee Melipona scutellaris.. Planta Med 2016 Feb;82(3):190-4.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1558142pmc: PMC4792278pubmed: 26544117google scholar: lookup
  65. Manayi A, Saeidnia S, Ostad SN, Hadjiakhoondi A, Ardekani MR, Vazirian M, Akhtar Y, Khanavi M. Chemical constituents and cytotoxic effect of the main compounds of Lythrum salicaria L.. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2013 Sep-Oct;68(9-10):367-75.
    pubmed: 24459770
  66. Lake KD, Brown DC. New drug therapy for kidney stones: a review of cellulose sodium phosphate, acetohydroxamic acid, and potassium citrate.. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1985 Jul-Aug;19(7-8):530-9.
    pubmed: 3896714doi: 10.1177/106002808501900705google scholar: lookup
  67. Tipthara P, Thongboonkerd V. Differential human urinary lipid profiles using various lipid-extraction protocols: MALDI-TOF and LIFT-TOF/TOF analyses.. Sci Rep 2016 Sep 20;6:33756.
    doi: 10.1038/srep33756pmc: PMC5028741pubmed: 27646409google scholar: lookup
  68. Min HK, Lim S, Chung BC, Moon MH. Shotgun lipidomics for candidate biomarkers of urinary phospholipids in prostate cancer.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011 Jan;399(2):823-30.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4290-7pubmed: 20953865google scholar: lookup
  69. Narváez-Rivas M, Zhang Q. Comprehensive untargeted lipidomic analysis using core-shell C30 particle column and high field orbitrap mass spectrometer.. J Chromatogr A 2016 Apr 1;1440:123-134.
    doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.054pmc: PMC4792668pubmed: 26928874google scholar: lookup
  70. Breitkopf SB, Ricoult SJH, Yuan M, Xu Y, Peake DA, Manning BD, Asara JM. A relative quantitative positive/negative ion switching method for untargeted lipidomics via high resolution LC-MS/MS from any biological source.. Metabolomics 2017 Mar;13(3).
    pmc: PMC5421409pubmed: 28496395doi: 10.1007/s11306-016-1157-8google scholar: lookup
  71. Karamichos D, Zieske JD, Sejersen H, Sarker-Nag A, Asara JM, Hjortdal J. Tear metabolite changes in keratoconus.. Exp Eye Res 2015 Mar;132:1-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.007pmc: PMC4436698pubmed: 25579606google scholar: lookup
  72. Thomas A, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Crone C, Kellmann M, Moehring T, Thevis M. Sensitive determination of prohibited drugs in dried blood spots (DBS) for doping controls by means of a benchtop quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometer.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012 May;403(5):1279-89.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5655-2pubmed: 22231507google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Keen B, Cawley A, Reedy B, Fu S. Metabolomics in clinical and forensic toxicology, sports anti-doping and veterinary residues. Drug Test Anal 2022 May;14(5):794-807.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.3245pubmed: 35194967google scholar: lookup
  2. Mönki J, Mykkänen A. Lipids in Equine Airway Inflammation: An Overview of Current Knowledge. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 18;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14121812pubmed: 38929431google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.