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Transboundary and emerging diseases2020; 68(3); 1432-1444; doi: 10.1111/tbed.13810

Serological evidence of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne emerging virus in Europe with capacity to cause neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, birds or equids. In Spain, WNV is actively circulating in mosquitoes, birds and horses in different regions, but never has been deeply studied in Extremadura. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of WNV in equids of those areas and to analyse the risk factors associated with exposure to the virus. A total of 199 out of 725 equids presented antibodies against WNV by competition ELISA (27.45%), while 22 were doubtful (3.03%). Anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 equids (2.21%), and 3 animals were doubtful (0.41%). All ELISA-reactive positive/doubtful sera (N = 226) were further tested by micro-virus neutralization test (VNT), and a total of 143 horses were confirmed as positive for WNV, obtaining a seroprevalence of 19.72% in equids of western Spain. In addition, specific antibodies against USUV were confirmed in 11 equids. In 24 equids, a specific flavivirus species (detected by ELISA test) could not be determined. The generalized linear mixed-effects models showed that the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat colour (light), whereas in USUV infections, it was the breed (pure). Data demonstrated that WNV and USUV are circulating in regions of western Spain. Given the high WNV seroprevalence found in equids from the studied areas, it is important to improve the surveillance programmes of public health to detect undiagnosed human cases and to establish a vaccination programme in equid herds in these regions.
© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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Publication Date: 2020-09-05 PubMed ID: 32853452DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13810Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study reveals the prevalence of West Nile and Usutu viruses in horses in western Spain and identifies the associated risk factors. The research suggests the need for improved public health surveillance and a potential vaccination program for equids in the area.

Objective and Methodology

  • This study set out to determine the prevalence (seroprevalence) of West Nile virus (WNV) in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) in western Spain’s Extremadura region, where the virus hadn’t been deeply studied. The researchers also sought to identify the risk factors linked to exposure to the virus.
  • The researchers conducted a competition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) which is a common laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of antibodies in the blood. This was used on 725 equids, 199 of which were found to have antibodies against the WNV.
  • The ELISA-reactive positive/doubtful sera (a component of blood separated during coagulation) were further tested by a micro-virus neutralization test (VNT), which confirmed 143 horses were positive for WNV.

Findings

  • The study found that 27.45% of the tested equids carried antibodies against WNV, and a total of 19.72% were confirmed as WNV positive via a secondary test. This suggests a significant presence of the virus in the equid population of western Spain.
  • An additional virus, the Usutu virus (USUV), was also found in 11 equids, suggesting both these viruses are actively circulating in the area.
  • The study also identified risk factors linked to these viral infections. It showed the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat color (light). In contrast, for USUV infections, breed (pure) was highlighted as a risk factor.

Implication

  • Given the high WNV seroprevalence in equids from the area studied, the researchers recommend improving public health surveillance strategies to detect undiagnosed human cases.
  • Additionally, they suggest establishing a vaccination programme for equid herds in these regions to control the spread of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Guerrero-Carvajal F, Bravo-Barriga D, Martín-Cuervo M, Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Ferraguti M, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Llorente F, Alonso JM, Frontera E. (2020). Serological evidence of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis, 68(3), 1432-1444. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13810

Publication

Transboundary and emerging diseases
ISSN: 1865-1682
NlmUniqueID: 101319538
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 68
Issue: 3
Pages: 1432-1444

Researcher Affiliations

Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima
  • Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain.
Bravo-Barriga, Daniel
  • Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain.
Martín-Cuervo, María
  • Animal Medicine Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain.
Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar
  • Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
Ferraguti, Martina
  • Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology Department, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain.
Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel
  • Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
Llorente, Francisco
  • Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
Alonso, Juan Manuel
  • Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain.
Frontera, Eva
  • Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Coinfection / epidemiology
  • Coinfection / veterinary
  • Coinfection / virology
  • Female
  • Flavivirus / isolation & purification
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Prevalence
  • Risk Factors
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Spain / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification

Grant Funding

  • E-RTA2015-00002-C02-00 / Instituto Nacional de Investigaciu00f3n y Tecnologu00eda Agraria y Alimentaria
  • IB16135 / Regional Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure, Extremadura Government and the European Regional Development Fund 'A way to make Europe'

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