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Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud2021; 41(2); 247-259; doi: 10.7705/biomedica.5623

Seroprevalence of arboviruses in Ecuador: Implications for improved surveillance.

Abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The percentage of population immunity or susceptibility to these viruses in Ecuador is unknown. To investigate the proportion of Ecuadorian populations with IgG antibodies (Abs) (past exposure/immunity) and IgM Abs (current exposure) against flaviviruses and alphaviruses and to study the activity of these viruses in Ecuador. During 2009-2011, we conducted a serosurvey for selected arboviruses in humans (n=1,842), equines (n=149), and sentinel hamsters (n=84) at two coastal locations and one in the Amazon basin (Eastern Ecuador) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test. From 20.63% to 63.61% of humans showed IgG-antibodies for the flaviviruses: Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV) Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus (WNV); from 4.67% to 8.63% showed IgG-Abs for the alphaviruses: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus. IgM-Abs were found for DENV and WNV. Equines and hamsters showed antibodies to alphaviruses in all locations; two hamsters seroconverted to YFV in the Amazonia. The results show a YFV vaccination history and suggest the activity of arboviruses not included in the current surveillance scheme. Enhanced arbovirus and mosquito surveillance, as well as continued YFV vaccination and evaluation of its coverage/effectiveness, are recommended. Introducción. Los virus transmitidos por artrópodos (arbovirus) causan morbilidad y mortalidad en humanos y animales domésticos mundialmente. Se desconoce el porcentaje de inmunidad o vulnerabilidad de la población ecuatoriana ante estos virus. Objetivos. Investigar la proporción de poblaciones ecuatorianas con anticuerpos IgG (exposición o inmunidad pasada) y anticuerpos IgM (exposición reciente) contra flavivirus y alfavirus, e investigar su actividad en Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Entre 2009 y 2011, se llevó a cabo una encuesta serológica para arbovirus en humanos (n=1.842), equinos (n=149) y hámsters centinela (n=84) en dos localidades costeras y en una en la Amazonía, utilizando la prueba ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) y la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación. Resultados. Entre el 20,63 y el 63,61 % de los humanos registraron IgG contra el virus del dengue (DENV), el de la fiebre amarilla (YFV), el de la encefalitis de San Luis y el del Nilo Occidental (WNV); entre 4,67 y 8,63 % tenían IgG para los virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, de la encefalitis equina del este y de la encefalitis equina del oeste. Se encontró IgM para DENV y WNV. En los equinos y en los hámsters se encontraron anticuerpos contra alfavirus en todas las localidades muestreadas; dos hámsters mostraron seroconversión a YFV en la Amazonía. Conclusiones. Los resultados del estudio evidenciaron los antecedentes de vacunación contra el YFV y sugieren la actividad de arbovirus no incluidos en el esquema de vigilancia actual. Se recomienda ampliar la vigilancia de arbovirus y mosquitos, continuar con la vacunación contra el YFV, y evaluar su cobertura y efectividad. Los virus transmitidos por artrópodos (arbovirus) causan morbilidad y mortalidad en humanos y animales domésticos mundialmente. Se desconoce el porcentaje de inmunidad o vulnerabilidad de la población ecuatoriana ante estos virus. Investigar la proporción de poblaciones ecuatorianas con anticuerpos IgG (exposición o inmunidad pasada) y anticuerpos IgM (exposición reciente) contra flavivirus y alfavirus, e investigar su actividad en Ecuador. Entre 2009 y 2011, se llevó a cabo una encuesta serológica para arbovirus en humanos (n=1.842), equinos (n=149) y hámsters centinela (n=84) en dos localidades costeras y en una en la Amazonía, utilizando la prueba ELISA () y la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación. Entre el 20,63 y el 63,61 % de los humanos registraron IgG contra el virus del dengue (DENV), el de la fiebre amarilla (YFV), el de la encefalitis de San Luis y el del Nilo Occidental (WNV); entre 4,67 y 8,63 % tenían IgG para los virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, de la encefalitis equina del este y de la encefalitis equina del oeste. Se encontró IgM para DENV y WNV. En los equinos y en los hámsters se encontraron anticuerpos contra alfavirus en todas las localidades muestreadas; dos hámsters mostraron seroconversión a YFV en la Amazonía. Los resultados del estudio evidenciaron los antecedentes de vacunación contra el YFV y sugieren la actividad de arbovirus no incluidos en el esquema de vigilancia actual. Se recomienda ampliar la vigilancia de arbovirus y mosquitos, continuar con la vacunación contra el YFV, y evaluar su cobertura y efectividad.
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Publication Date: 2021-06-29 PubMed ID: 34214266PubMed Central: PMC8382292DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5623Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the prevalence of arboviruses—viruses transmitted by arthropods—in the Ecuadorian population. It investigates immunity and exposure to these viruses among humans, equines, and sentinel hamsters across different locations in Ecuador.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers investigated the immunity rates of various populations in Ecuador with respect to flaviviruses and alphaviruses. This was executed by identifying the presence of IgG antibodies (which are indicative of past exposure/immunity) and IgM antibodies (showing recent exposure).
  • The research took place over the span of three years (2009-2011). During this, the team carried out a serosurvey for selected arboviruses in humans (1,842 individuals), equines (149 individuals), and sentinel hamsters (84 individuals).
  • The test sites used for surveillance purposes were two coastal locations and one location situated in the Amazon basin or Eastern Ecuador.
  • Two testing methods were employed: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a hemagglutination inhibition test. These helped detect the presence of antibodies in the blood samples of the subjects.

Findings and Implications

  • Results showed that between 20.63% and 63.61% of the tested human population showed the presence of IgG antibodies for flaviviruses like Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus (WNV).
  • IgG antibodies for alphaviruses—namely, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus—were found in 4.67% to 8.63% of the human subjects.
  • IgM antibodies were found in cases of DENV and WNV, which suggests recent exposure to these viruses. This could imply that these infections might be more active and spreading in the local population at the time of the study.
  • Antibodies against alphaviruses were also found in equines and hamsters in all locations where the tests were conducted, indicating a wide spread of these arboviruses. Remarkably, two hamsters tested positive for YFV in the Amazon region, suggesting activity of this virus in that area.
  • The findings suggest that there are arboviruses circulating in Ecuador that aren’t currently included in the official surveillance scheme.

Recommendations

  • The researchers recommend enhancing both arboviral and mosquito surveillance efforts due to evidence of non-monitored arboviruses’ activity.
  • Yellow fever vaccination programs should continue, and evaluation of their coverage and effectiveness is highly urged considering the detected YFV antibodies.

Cite This Article

APA
(2021). Seroprevalence of arboviruses in Ecuador: Implications for improved surveillance. Biomedica, 41(2), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5623

Publication

Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud
ISSN: 2590-7379
NlmUniqueID: 8205605
Country: Colombia
Language: English
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 247-259

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Arboviruses / immunology
  • Cricetinae
  • Ecuador / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Immunoglobulin G
  • Immunoglobulin M
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • West Nile virus / immunology

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
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