FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Cell communication and signaling : CCS2023; 21(1); 230; doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01254-6

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) mitigates ER stress and improves viability and insulin sensitivity in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)-affected horses.

Abstract: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), which encompasses insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and predisposition to laminitis is a critical endocrine disorder among the most prevalent conditions affecting horses from different breeds. According to the most recent research, low human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) serum levels correlate with an increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, and may contribute to overall metabolic dysregulations. This study aimed to test whether exogenous SHBG could protect EMS affected adipose-derived stromal stem cells (EqASC) from apoptosis, oxidative stress, ER stress and thus improve insulin sensitivity. EqASC wells were treated with two different concentrations (50 and 100 nM) of exogenous SHBG, whose biocompatibility was tested after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Several parameters including cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species levels, ER stress, Pi3K/MAPK activation and insulin transducers expression were analysed. Obtained data demonstrated that exogenous SHBG treatment significantly promoted ASCs cells proliferation, cell cycle and survival with reduced expression of p53 and p21 pro-apoptotic mediators. Furthermore, SHBG alleviated the oxidative stress caused by EMS and reduced the overaccumulation of intracellular ROS, by reducing ROS + cell percentage and regulating gene expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (Sod 1, Cat, GPx), SHBG treatment exhibited antioxidant activity by modulating total nitric oxide (NO) levels in EMS cells as well. SHBG treatment dampened the activation of ER stress sensors and effectors in EqASC cells via the upregulation of MiR-7a-5p, the decrease in the expression levels of ATF-6, CHOP and eiF2A and the restoration of PDIA3 chaperone protein levels. As a consequence, SHBG application substantially improved insulin sensitivity through the modulation of Pi3K/Akt/Glut4 insulin signalling cascades. Our results suggest that the SHBG is endowed with crucial beneficial effects on ASCs metabolic activities and could serve as a valuable therapeutic target for the development of efficient EMS treatment protocols. Video Abstract.
© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-09-11 PubMed ID: 37697311PubMed Central: PMC10496240DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01254-6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Video-Audio Media

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the effects of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) on the health and insulin sensitivity of adipose-derived stem cells in horses affected by equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). The results show that SHBG supports cell proliferation, improves cellular health, and enhances insulin sensitivity, potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for treating EMS.

Objective of the Research

  • The study aimed to determine if sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) could enhance the health and functionality of adipose-derived stromal stem cells (EqASC) in horses suffering from equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), a condition marked by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Specifically, the researchers wanted to know if SHBG could prevent cell death, reduce oxidative stress, and suppress endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.

Methodology

  • The researchers treated EqASC cells with two concentrations of SHBG (50 and 100 nM) and observed the effects after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation.
  • They monitored a range of indicators including cell survival, apoptosis (programmed cell death), cell cycle, levels of reactive oxygen species (which cause oxidative stress), ER stress, as well as the activation of Pi3K/MAPK pathways and insulin transducer expression.

Findings

  • SHBG treatment significantly boosted the proliferation, cycle and survival of the stem cells, along with reducing the presence of p53 and p21, proteins that promote cell death.
  • The hormone also alleviated oxidative stress associated with EMS and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the cells. It achieved this by lowering ROS+ cell percentages and regulating the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (Sod1, Cat, GPx).
  • In addition, SHBG reduced ER stress within the EqASC cells by upregulating MiR-7a-5p, decreasing the expression levels of ATF-6, CHOP and eiF2A, and restoring PDIA3 chaperone protein levels.
  • One significant outcome was that when treated with SHBG, the cells demonstrated considerably improved insulin sensitivity via the modulation of Pi3K/Akt/Glut4 insulin signalling cascades.

Conclusions

  • The results suggest that SHBG could have a positive impact on the stem cells’ metabolic activities and could potentially offer a valuable therapeutic target for creating effective treatment protocols for EMS. This stems from its capacity to support cell survival, reduce oxidative stress, mitigate ER stress, and improve insulin sensitivity.

Cite This Article

APA
Bourebaba N, Sikora M, Qasem B, Bourebaba L, Marycz K. (2023). Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) mitigates ER stress and improves viability and insulin sensitivity in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)-affected horses. Cell Commun Signal, 21(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01254-6

Publication

Cell communication and signaling : CCS
ISSN: 1478-811X
NlmUniqueID: 101170464
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 230
PII: 230

Researcher Affiliations

Bourebaba, Nabila
  • Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
Sikora, Mateusz
  • Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
Qasem, Badr
  • Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
Bourebaba, Lynda
  • Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
Marycz, Krzysztof
  • Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95516, USA. kmmarycz@ucdavis.edu.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. kmmarycz@ucdavis.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Horses
  • Insulin
  • Insulin Resistance
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Obesity
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / pharmacology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Not applicable.

References

This article includes 49 references
  1. Morgan R, Keen J, McGowan C. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Veterinary Record 2015;177(7):173–179.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.103226pmc: PMC4552932pubmed: 26273009google scholar: lookup
  2. Marycz K, Michalak I, Kornicka K. Advanced nutritional and stem cells approaches to prevent equine metabolic syndrome.. Res Vet Sci 2018;118:115–125.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.015pubmed: 29421480google scholar: lookup
  3. Bourebaba L, Marycz K. Pathophysiological Implication of Fetuin-A Glycoprotein in the Development of Metabolic Disorders: A Concise Review.. JCM 2019;8(12):2033.
    doi: 10.3390/jcm8122033pmc: PMC6947209pubmed: 31766373google scholar: lookup
  4. Marycz K, Kornicka K, Basinska K, Czyrek A. Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affects Viability, Senescence, and Stress Factors of Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells: New Insight into EqASCs Isolated from EMS Horses in the Context of Their Aging.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:1–17.
    doi: 10.1155/2016/4710326pmc: PMC4670679pubmed: 26682006google scholar: lookup
  5. Foss-Freitas MC, Ferraz RC, Monteiro LZ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activation in adipose tissue induces metabolic syndrome in individuals with familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type.. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018;10(1):6.
    doi: 10.1186/s13098-017-0301-6pmc: PMC5807843pubmed: 29449893google scholar: lookup
  6. Tobita M, Tajima S, Mizuno H. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma: stem cell transplantation methods that enhance stemness.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015;6(1):215.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0217-8pmc: PMC4635588pubmed: 26541973google scholar: lookup
  7. Tsuji W. Adipose-derived stem cells: Implications in tissue regeneration.. WJSC 2014;6(3):312.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.312pmc: PMC4131273pubmed: 25126381google scholar: lookup
  8. Marycz K, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Geburek F, Kornicka-Garbowska K. Systemic Administration of Rejuvenated Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Liver Metabolism in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)- New Approach in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine.. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 2019;15(6):842–850.
    doi: 10.1007/s12015-019-09913-3pmc: PMC6925066pubmed: 31620992google scholar: lookup
  9. Mularczyk M, Bourebaba N, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis.. Biomolecules 2022;12(8):1039.
    doi: 10.3390/biom12081039pmc: PMC9405637pubmed: 36008933google scholar: lookup
  10. Bourebaba L, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Al Naem M, Röcken M, Łyczko J, Marycz K. MSI-1436 improves EMS adipose derived progenitor stem cells in the course of adipogenic differentiation through modulation of ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021;12(1):97.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02102-xpmc: PMC7860037pubmed: 33536069google scholar: lookup
  11. Qu X, Donnelly R. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) as an Early Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.. IJMS 2020;21(21):8191.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21218191pmc: PMC7663738pubmed: 33139661google scholar: lookup
  12. Bourebaba N, Ngo T, Śmieszek A, Bourebaba L, Marycz K. Sex hormone binding globulin as a potential drug candidate for liver-related metabolic disorders treatment.. Biomed Pharmacother 2022;153:113261.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113261pubmed: 35738176google scholar: lookup
  13. Chen C, Smothers J, Lange A, Nestler JE, Strauss Iii JF, Wickham Iii EP. Sex hormone-binding globulin genetic variation: associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome.. Minerva Endocrinol 2010;35(4):271–280.
    pmc: PMC3683392pubmed: 21178921
  14. Rosner W, Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Nakhla AM, Romas NA. Sex hormone-binding globulin mediates steroid hormone signal transduction at the plasma membrane.. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999;69(1–6):481–485.
    doi: 10.1016/S0960-0760(99)00070-9pubmed: 10419028google scholar: lookup
  15. Perry JRB, Weedon MN, Langenberg C. Genetic evidence that raised sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.. Hum Mol Genet 2010;19(3):535–544.
    doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp522pmc: PMC2798726pubmed: 19933169google scholar: lookup
  16. Calderon-Margalit R, Schwartz SM, Wellons MF. Prospective Association of Serum Androgens and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin with Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adult Women: The “Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults” Women’s Study.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(9):4424–4431.
    doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2643pmc: PMC2936074pubmed: 20554712google scholar: lookup
  17. Birkeland KI, Hanssen KF, Torjesen PA, Vaaler S. Level of sex hormone-binding globulin is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76(2):275–278.
    doi: 10.1210/jcem.76.2.8432768pubmed: 8432768google scholar: lookup
  18. Bourebaba L, Michalak I, Baouche M, Kucharczyk K, Marycz K. Cladophora glomerata methanolic extract promotes chondrogenic gene expression and cartilage phenotype differentiation in equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells affected by metabolic syndrome.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;10(1):392.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1499-zpmc: PMC6916455pubmed: 31847882google scholar: lookup
  19. Sikora M, Śmieszek A, Marycz K. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs CD45-/CD44+/CD73+/CD90+) isolated from osteoporotic mice SAM/P6 as a novel model for osteoporosis investigation.. J Cell Mol Med 2021;25(14):6634–6651.
    doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16667pmc: PMC8278098pubmed: 34075722google scholar: lookup
  20. Smieszek A, Marcinkowska K, Pielok A. Obesity Affects the Proliferative Potential of Equine Endometrial Progenitor Cells and Modulates Their Molecular Phenotype Associated with Mitochondrial Metabolism.. Cells 2022;11(9):1437.
    doi: 10.3390/cells11091437pmc: PMC9100746pubmed: 35563743google scholar: lookup
  21. Targonska S, Sikora M, Marycz K, Smieszek A, Wiglusz RJ. Theranostic Applications of Nanostructured Silicate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Codoped with Eu3+ and Bi3+ Ions—A Novel Strategy for Bone Regeneration.. ACS Biomater Sci Eng Published online September 22, 2020.
    pubmed: 33449662doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00824google scholar: lookup
  22. Chi X, Feng C, Wang X, Jin Z. Sex hormone-binding globulin regulates glucose metabolism in human placental trophoblasts via cAMP/PKA/CREB1.. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020;46(11):2340–2346.
    doi: 10.1111/jog.14429pmc: PMC7692910pubmed: 32830408google scholar: lookup
  23. Marycz K, Kornicka K, Szlapka-Kosarzewska J, Weiss C. Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.. IJMS 2018;19(1):165.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms19010165pmc: PMC5796114pubmed: 29316632google scholar: lookup
  24. Zhong Z, Wang Y, Guo H. Protein S Protects Neurons from Excitotoxic Injury by Activating the TAM Receptor Tyro3-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway through Its Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin-Like Region.. J Neurosci 2010;30(46):15521–15534.
    doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4437-10.2010pmc: PMC3012432pubmed: 21084607google scholar: lookup
  25. Lu Z, Xu S. ERK1/2 MAP kinases in cell survival and apoptosis.. IUBMB Life (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life) 2006;58(11):621–631.
    doi: 10.1080/15216540600957438pubmed: 17085381google scholar: lookup
  26. Muller C, Bandemer J, Vindis C. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Modification and Inhibition Contribute to ER Stress and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins.. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013;18(7):731–742.
    doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4577pubmed: 23083489google scholar: lookup
  27. Hurrle S, Hsu WH. The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance.. Biomed J 2017;40(5):257–262.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.007pmc: PMC6138814pubmed: 29179880google scholar: lookup
  28. Asmat U, Abad K, Ismail K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress—A concise review.. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2016;24(5):547–553.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.013pmc: PMC5059829pubmed: 27752226google scholar: lookup
  29. Monserrat-Mesquida M, Quetglas-Llabrés M, Capó X. Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory State.. Antioxidants 2020;9(3):236.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9030236pmc: PMC7139344pubmed: 32178436google scholar: lookup
  30. Vona R, Gambardella L, Cittadini C, Straface E, Pietraforte D. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:1–19.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/8267234pmc: PMC6525823pubmed: 31191805google scholar: lookup
  31. Roberts CK, Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome.. Life Sci 2009;84(21–22):705–712.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026pubmed: 19281826google scholar: lookup
  32. Sriram S, Yuan C, Chakraborty S. Oxidative stress mediates depot-specific functional differences of human adipose-derived stem cells.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;10(1):141.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1240-ypmc: PMC6528291pubmed: 31113471google scholar: lookup
  33. Sun Y, Li S, Liu H. Oxidative stress promotes hyperandrogenism by reducing sex hormone-binding globulin in polycystic ovary syndrome.. Fertil Steril 2021;116(6):1641–1650.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1203pubmed: 34433519google scholar: lookup
  34. Enli Y, Fenkci SM, Fenkci V, Oztekin O. Serum Fetuin-A levels, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013;29(12):1036–1039.
    doi: 10.3109/09513590.2013.829442pubmed: 23961784google scholar: lookup
  35. Macut D, Simic T, Lissounov A. Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Relation to Byproducts of Oxidative Stress.. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011;119(07):451–455.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1279740pubmed: 21667435google scholar: lookup
  36. Victor P, Sarada D, Ramkumar KM. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: Focus on protein disulfide isomerase and endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1.. Eur J Pharmacol 2021;892:173749.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173749pubmed: 33245896google scholar: lookup
  37. Kornicka-Garbowska K, Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K. Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) Mitigates ER Stress in Hepatocytes In Vitro and Ex Vivo.. Cells 2021;10(4):755.
    doi: 10.3390/cells10040755pmc: PMC8066020pubmed: 33808055google scholar: lookup
  38. Lebeaupin C, Vallée D, Hazari Y, Hetz C, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.. J Hepatol 2018;69(4):927–947.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.008pubmed: 29940269google scholar: lookup
  39. Donnelly N, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Samali A. The eIF2α kinases: their structures and functions.. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013;70(19):3493–3511.
    doi: 10.1007/s00018-012-1252-6pubmed: 23354059google scholar: lookup
  40. Turano C, Gaucci E, Grillo C, Chichiarelli S. ERp57/GRP58: a protein with multiple functions.. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011;16(4):539–563.
    doi: 10.2478/s11658-011-0022-zpmc: PMC6275603pubmed: 21837552google scholar: lookup
  41. Zhang XQ, Pan Y, Yu CH. PDIA3 Knockdown Exacerbates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis and Apoptosis.. PLoS One 2015;10(7):a0133882.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133882pmc: PMC4516249pubmed: 26214517google scholar: lookup
  42. Frank N, Tadros EM. Insulin dysregulation.. Equine Vet J 2014;46(1):103–112.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12169pubmed: 24033478google scholar: lookup
  43. Cignarelli A, Genchi VA, Perrini S, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Adipose Tissue Development.. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20(3):759.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20030759pmc: PMC6387287pubmed: 30754657google scholar: lookup
  44. Feng C, Jin Z, Chi X. SHBG expression is correlated with PI3K/AKT pathway activity in a cellular model of human insulin resistance.. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018;34(7):567–573.
    doi: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1411474pubmed: 29298529google scholar: lookup
  45. Burns TA, Toribio RE. Metabolic Syndrome in Humans and Horses: The Relationship Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance.. Equine Laminitis 2016:149–166.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119169239.ch18google scholar: lookup
  46. Hemmings BA, Restuccia DF. PI3K-PKB/Akt Pathway.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012;4(9):a011189.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011189pmc: PMC3428770pubmed: 22952397google scholar: lookup
  47. Wu Z, Rosen ED, Brun R. Cross-Regulation of C/EBPα and PPARγ Controls the Transcriptional Pathway of Adipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity.. Mol Cell 1999;3(2):151–158.
    doi: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80306-8pubmed: 10078198google scholar: lookup
  48. Watson LS, Wilken-Resman B, Williams A. Hyperinsulinemia alters insulin receptor presentation and internalization in brain microvascular endothelial cells.. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022;19(4):147916412211186.
    doi: 10.1177/14791641221118626pmc: PMC9393688pubmed: 35975361google scholar: lookup
  49. Catalano KJ, Maddux BA, Szary J, Youngren JF, Goldfine ID, Schaufele F. Insulin Resistance Induced by Hyperinsulinemia Coincides with a Persistent Alteration at the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Domain.. PLoS One 2014;9(9):e108693.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108693pmc: PMC4178179pubmed: 25259572google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Bourebaba N, Domagała J, Bourebaba L. Revitalizing equine metabolism: how SHBG improves mitochondrial function and reduces inflammation. BMC Vet Res 2025 Oct 21;21(1):620.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-05033-ypubmed: 41121214google scholar: lookup
  2. Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold B, Pajuelo D, Steczkiewicz Z, Cywinska A, Marycz K. Astaxanthin supplementation in Arabian racing horses mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells through enhanced mitophagy. Sci Rep 2025 Apr 26;15(1):14633.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-93661-7pubmed: 40287452google scholar: lookup
  3. Wang K, Lou Y, Tian S, Tao Z. Causal relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and sex: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025;16:1338701.
    doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1338701pubmed: 39944207google scholar: lookup
  4. Irwin-Huston JM, Bourebaba L, Bourebaba N, Tomal A, Marycz K. Sex hormone-binding globulin promotes the osteogenic differentiation potential of equine adipose-derived stromal cells by activating the BMP signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024;15:1424873.
    doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1424873pubmed: 39483986google scholar: lookup
  5. Yang Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Liu H, Tan M. Association between sex hormone binding globulin and metabolic syndrome in US adults: insights from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024 Jul 18;16(1):170.
    doi: 10.1186/s13098-024-01398-6pubmed: 39026336google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 106,180 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.