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Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.
Abstract: Nowadays, endocrine disorders have become more frequent in both human and veterinary medicine. In horses, reduced physical activity combined with carbohydrate and sugar overload may result in the development of the so-called equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). EMS is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood triglyceride concentrations and usually obesity. Although the phenotypic features of EMS individuals are well known, the molecular mechanism underlying disease development remains elusive. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed insulin-sensitive tissues, i.e., muscles, liver and adipose tissue in order to evaluate insulin resistance and apoptosis. Furthermore, we assessed mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in those tissues, because mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to the development of metabolic syndrome. We established the expression of genes related to insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondria clearance by mitophagy using RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell ultrastructure was visualized using electron transmission microscopy. The results indicated that adipose tissue and liver of EMS horses were characterized by increased mitochondrial damage and mitophagy followed by triggering of apoptosis as mitophagy fails to restore cellular homeostasis. However, in muscles, apoptosis was reduced, suggesting the existence of a protective mechanism allowing that tissue to maintain homeostasis.
Publication Date: 2018-01-06 PubMed ID: 29316632PubMed Central: PMC5796114DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010165Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The study explores how an excess of endoplasmic reticulum stress might contribute to the development of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in horses, with specific research on its impact on mitochondrial dynamics and cell apoptosis in liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. The research showed impaired mitochondrial activity and increased cell death in the liver and adipose tissue, but not in the muscles.
Understanding Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and EMS
- The research investigates endocrine disorders, focusing particularly on equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) that affects horses. The syndrome typically presents characteristics such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and raised blood triglyceride levels; often obesity is also present.
- The aim of the research is to unearth molecular mechanisms that promote the development of EMS. The focus was the endoplasmic reticulum, a cellular structure involved in protein folding and stress sensing. Excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with metabolic syndromes like EMS.
Research Methodology
- The paper indicates research carried out on insulin-sensitive tissues – namely muscle, liver, and adipose tissue – to understand the levels of insulin resistance and cell death, or apoptosis.
- The research involved assessing mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy (the removal of damaged mitochondria through autophagy), which are crucial for maintaining cellular health.
- To establish the expression of genes associated with insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitophagy, the study employed techniques such as RT-PCR and Western blotting.
- Cellular ultrastructure was examined using electron transmission microscopy for a clear visualization of the phenomena at the cellular level.
Study Findings
- The findings suggest that in EMS horses, pathological changes take place in liver and adipose tissues due to increased mitochondrial damage and subsequent mitophagy.
- This inability of mitophagy to restore normal cellular function leads to the triggering of apoptosis.
- However, in muscle tissue, apoptosis was reduced, indicating the existence of protection mechanism, enabling this tissue type to maintain cellular homeostasis.
Conclusion
- The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the role of excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of EMS in horses, highlighting an important mechanism that could help inform future treatments for metabolic syndromes.
Cite This Article
APA
Marycz K, Kornicka K, Szlapka-Kosarzewska J, Weiss C.
(2018).
Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.
Int J Mol Sci, 19(1), 165.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010165 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, ul. Stabu0142owicka 147, 54-066 Wrocu0142aw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland. kornicka.katarzyna@gmail.com.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland. jolanta.szlapka@gmail.com.
- PferdePraxis Dr. Med. Vet. Daniel Weiss, Postmatte 14, CH-8807 Freienbach, Switzerland. d.weiss@horsedoc.ch.
MeSH Terms
- Adipose Tissue / metabolism
- Adipose Tissue / pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cytokines / genetics
- Cytokines / metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Horses
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver / metabolism
- Liver / pathology
- Metabolic Syndrome / metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome / pathology
- Metabolic Syndrome / veterinary
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria / metabolism
- Mitochondrial Dynamics
- Mitophagy
- Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal / pathology
- Oxidative Stress
- Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase / genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase / metabolism
- Transcription Factor CHOP / genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP / metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / metabolism
- eIF-2 Kinase / genetics
- eIF-2 Kinase / metabolism
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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