Nortropane alkaloids as pharmacological chaperones in the rescue of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells affected by metabolic syndrome through mitochondrial potentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigation and insulin resistance alleviation.
Abstract: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) refers to a cluster of associated abnormalities and metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and adiposity. The numerous biological properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including self-renewal and multipotency, have been the subject of many in-depth studies, for the management of EMS; however, it has been shown that this cell type may be affected by the condition, impairing thus seriously their therapeutic potential. Therefore, an attempt to rescue EMS adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) with calystegines (polyhydroxylated alkaloids) that are endowed with strong antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities was performed. ASCs isolated from EMS horses were subsequently treated with various concentrations of total calystegines. Different parameters were then assessed using flow cytometry, confocal as well as SE microscopy, and RT-qPCR. Our results clearly demonstrated that calystegines could improve EqASC viability and proliferation and significantly reduce apoptosis, via improvement of mitochondrial potentiation and functionality, regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways, and suppression of ER stress. Furthermore, nortropanes positively upregulated GLUT4 and IRS transcripts, indicating a possible sensitizing or mimetic effect to insulin. Most interesting finding in this investigation lies in the modulatory effect of autophagy, a process that allows the maintenance of cellular homeostasis; calystegines acted as pharmacological chaperones to promote cell survival. Obtained data open new perspectives in the development of new drugs, which may improve the metabolic dynamics of cells challenged by MS.
Publication Date: 2019-06-18 PubMed ID: 31215461PubMed Central: PMC6582509DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1292-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research paper investigates how a type of alkaloid, Nortropane, could potentially be utilized in the rescue of a specific type of stem cells – equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EqASCs) – which are negatively impacted by metabolic syndrome (MS). Through laboratory study, the research found these compounds demonstrated promising effects in improving the cells’ ability to survive and reproduce, as well as their response to insulin.
Equine Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells and Metabolic Syndrome
- The focus of the research is on equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), a condition similar in some respects to the human metabolic syndrome, which causes increased adiposity (fatness), and insulin resistance. These conditions affect the overall well-being of horses and are a problem for horse owners and veterinarians.
- Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for the treatment or management of EMS due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types, however, their therapeutic potentials can be impaired by EMS.
- This brings the need for a method to “rescue” these cells i.e., to restore their therapeutic potentials.
The Role of Nortropane Alkaloids
- Enter nortropane alkaloids, specifically, calystegines—a type of compound that has strong antioxidant and anti-diabetic abilities. The researchers used different concentrations of calystegines to treat the impaired stem cells from horses with EMS.
- The treated cells were then analyzed using flow cytometry, microscopy techniques, and molecular biology methods to assess various parameters.
- The results show a significant improvement in EqASC viability and proliferation, and a reduction in apoptosis (cell death).
The Mechanisms Involved
- The mechanisms through which this rescue was achieved fans out to cover many aspects of cell health:
- Improvement of mitochondrial potentiation and functionality – mitochondria is the power house of the cell and any improvement to its function can boost cell health.
- Regulation of cell death pathways – the calystegines appeared to rebalance the process of apoptosis and cell survival.
- Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress – ER is an essential part of the cell responsible for protein synthesis and maturation. Stress or dysfunction in this part of the cell can lead to disease.
- In addition, nortropanes appeared to have a positive effect on the regulation of GLUT4 and IRS transcripts, providing potential sensitizing or mimetic effects to insulin.
Potential Impact of the Research
- Of note, the researchers found that calystegines have a modulatory effect on autophagy—an important process by which cells maintain homeostasis by removing damaged or unneeded cellular components. They acted as pharmacological chaperones to promote cell survival.
- This study could open new perspectives in the development of drugs to improve the metabolic dynamics of cells challenged by MS and potentially broaden the applications of MSCs in regenerative medicine.
Cite This Article
APA
Bourebaba L, Bedjou F, Ru00f6cken M, Marycz K.
(2019).
Nortropane alkaloids as pharmacological chaperones in the rescue of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells affected by metabolic syndrome through mitochondrial potentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigation and insulin resistance alleviation.
Stem Cell Res Ther, 10(1), 178.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1292-z Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocu0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocu0142aw, Poland. lynda.bourebaba@upwr.edu.pl.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mau0142a, Poland. lynda.bourebaba@upwr.edu.pl.
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies vu00e9gu00e9tales et d'Ethnobotanique, Facultu00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universitu00e9 de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gieu00dfen, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocu0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocu0142aw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gieu00dfen, Germany. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mau0142a, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
MeSH Terms
- Adipose Tissue / cytology
- Alkaloids / pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis / drug effects
- Cell Proliferation / drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Horses
- Insulin Resistance
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells / drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells / metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome / metabolism
- Nortropanes / pharmacology
- Reactive Nitrogen Species / metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
- Tropanes / pharmacology
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
This article includes 66 references
- Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Kellon E. Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2004;26:122u2013130.
- Tadros EM, Frank N, Donnell RL. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion.. Am J Vet Res 2013 Jul;74(7):1010-9.
- Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):467-75.
- Li J, Yu X, Pan W, Unger RH. Gene expression profile of rat adipose tissue at the onset of high-fat-diet obesity.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 Jun;282(6):E1334-41.
- Clu00e9ment K, Viguerie N, Poitou C, Carette C, Pelloux V, Curat CA, Sicard A, Rome S, Benis A, Zucker JD, Vidal H, Laville M, Barsh GS, Basdevant A, Stich V, Cancello R, Langin D. Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects.. FASEB J 2004 Nov;18(14):1657-69.
- Stofkova A, Skurlova M, Kiss A, Zelezna B, Zorad S, Jurcovicova J. Activation of hypothalamic NPY, AgRP, MC4R, AND IL-6 mRNA levels in young Lewis rats with early-life diet-induced obesity.. Endocr Regul 2009 Jul;43(3):99-106.
- Geor RJ. Metabolic predispositions to laminitis in horses and ponies: obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndromes. J Equine Vet Sci. 2008;28:753u2013759.
- Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Mechanisms of disease:Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes.. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008 Mar;9(3):193-205.
- Zierath JR, Houseknecht KL, Gnudi L, Kahn BB. High-fat feeding impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment via an early insulin-signaling defect.. Diabetes 1997 Feb;46(2):215-23.
- Lamothe B, Baudry A, Desbois P, Lamotte L, Bucchini D, De Meyts P, Joshi RL. Genetic engineering in mice: impact on insulin signalling and action.. Biochem J 1998 Oct 15;335 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):193-204.
- Meirelles Lda S, Fontes AM, Covas DT, Caplan AI. Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells.. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009 Oct-Dec;20(5-6):419-27.
- Del Bue M, Riccu00f2 S, Ramoni R, Conti V, Gnudi G, Grolli S. Equine adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: their association in vitro and in vivo.. Vet Res Commun 2008 Sep;32 Suppl 1:S51-5.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Basinska K, Czyrek A. Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affects Viability, Senescence, and Stress Factors of Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells: New Insight into EqASCs Isolated from EMS Horses in the Context of Their Aging.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:4710326.
- Zang L, Hao H, Liu J, Li Y, Han W, Mu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017;9:36.
- Meng Y, Eirin A, Zhu XY, Tang H, Hickson LJ, Lerman A, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. Micro-RNAS Regulate Metabolic Syndrome-induced Senescence in Porcine Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through the P16/MAPK Pathway.. Cell Transplant 2018 Oct;27(10):1495-1503.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Maru0119dziak M, Golonka P, Nicpou0144 J. Equine metabolic syndrome impairs adipose stem cells osteogenic differentiation by predominance of autophagy over selective mitophagy.. J Cell Mol Med 2016 Dec;20(12):2384-2404.
- Marycz K, Weiss C, u015amieszek A, Kornicka K. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Mitophagy during Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:5340756.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Irwin-Houston JM, Weiss C. Combination of resveratrol and 5-azacytydine improves osteogenesis of metabolic syndrome mesenchymal stem cells.. J Cell Mol Med 2018 Oct;22(10):4771-4793.
- Hu C, Li L. Preconditioning influences mesenchymal stem cell properties inu00a0vitro and inu00a0vivo.. J Cell Mol Med 2018 Mar;22(3):1428-1442.
- Udalamaththa VL, Jayasinghe CD, Udagama PV. Potential role of herbal remedies in stem cell therapy: proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016 Aug 11;7(1):110.
- Nejadhabibvash F, Rahmani F, Heidari R, Jamei R. Assessment of genetic diversity among Hyoscyamus genotypes based on ISSR markers. Int J Agric Crop Sci. 2012;4:1300u20131306.
- Kvasnicka F, Jockovic N, Dru00e4ger B, Sevcu00edk R, Cepl J, Voldrich M. Electrophoretic determination of calystegines A3 and B2 in potato.. J Chromatogr A 2008 Feb 15;1181(1-2):137-44.
- Bourebaba L, Saci S, Touguit D, Gali L, Terkmane S, Oukil N, Bedjou F. Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of total calystegines extracted from Hyoscyamus albus.. Biomed Pharmacother 2016 Aug;82:337-44.
- Bourebaba L, Sullini G, Mendiola JA, Bourebaba Y, Deghima A, Oukil N, Bedjou F. In-vivo edema inhibition of Hyoscyamus albus antioxidant extracts rich in calystegines. Ind Crop Prod. 2016;89:316u2013322.
- Kato A, Nakagome I, Nakagawa S, Koike Y, Nash RJ, Adachi I, Hirono S. Docking and SAR studies of calystegines: binding orientation and influence on pharmacological chaperone effects for Gaucher's disease.. Bioorg Med Chem 2014 Apr 15;22(8):2435-41.
- Nair SV, Hettihewa M, Rupasinghe HP. Apoptotic and inhibitory effects on cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by methanol leaf extract of Costus speciosus.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:637098.
- Sakamuru S, Li X, Attene-Ramos MS, Huang R, Lu J, Shou L, Shen M, Tice RR, Austin CP, Xia M. Application of a homogenous membrane potential assay to assess mitochondrial function.. Physiol Genomics 2012 May 1;44(9):495-503.
- Argo C. Equine obesity: beyond the equine metabolic syndrome. Acta Vet Scand. 2015;57(Suppl 1):K2.
- Nawrocka D, Kornicka K, u015amieszek A, Marycz K. Spirulina platensis Improves Mitochondrial Function Impaired by Elevated Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (ASCs) and Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs), and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Mar Drugs 2017 Aug 3;15(8).
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Szlapka-Kosarzewska J, Weiss C. Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Jan 6;19(1).
- Marycz K, Michalak I, Kocherova I, Maru0119dziak M, Weiss C. The Cladophora glomerata Enriched by Biosorption Process in Cr(III) Improves Viability, and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Derived Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) and Their Extracellular Vesicles (MV's).. Mar Drugs 2017 Dec 8;15(12).
- Kastelan M, Prpiu0107-Massari L, Brajac I. Apoptosis in psoriasis.. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2009;17(3):182-6.
- Brunelle JK, Letai A. Control of mitochondrial apoptosis by the Bcl-2 family.. J Cell Sci 2009 Feb 15;122(Pt 4):437-41.
- Pugazhenthi S, Nesterova A, Sable C, Heidenreich KA, Boxer LM, Heasley LE, Reusch JE. Akt/protein kinase B up-regulates Bcl-2 expression through cAMP-response element-binding protein.. J Biol Chem 2000 Apr 14;275(15):10761-6.
- Ru00edcnu00fd J, Gualtieri F, Tucek S. Constitutive inhibitory action of muscarinic receptors on adenylyl cyclase in cardiac membranes and its stereospecific suppression by hyoscyamine.. Physiol Res 2002;51(2):131-7.
- King K, Lin NP, Cheng YH, Chen GH, Chein RJ. Isolation of Positive Modulator of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Signaling from Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) Seed.. J Biol Chem 2015 Oct 23;290(43):26235-48.
- Rajgopal A, Rebhun JF, Burns CR, Scholten JD, Balles JA, Fast DJ. Immunomodulatory effects of Lippia sidoides extract: induction of IL-10 through cAMP and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanisms.. J Med Food 2015 Mar;18(3):370-7.
- Lee HK, Cho YM, Kwak SH, Lim S, Park KS, Shim EB. Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome-looking for environmental factors.. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010 Mar;1800(3):282-9.
- Saben JL, Boudoures AL, Asghar Z, Thompson A, Drury A, Zhang W, Chi M, Cusumano A, Scheaffer S, Moley KH. Maternal Metabolic Syndrome Programs Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Germline Changes across Three Generations.. Cell Rep 2016 Jun 28;16(1):1-8.
- Minutolo A, Grelli S, Marino-Merlo F, Cordero FM, Brandi A, Macchi B, Mastino A. D(-)lentiginosine-induced apoptosis involves the intrinsic pathway and is p53-independent.. Cell Death Dis 2012 Jul 26;3(7):e358.
- Saelens X, Festjens N, Vande Walle L, van Gurp M, van Loo G, Vandenabeele P. Toxic proteins released from mitochondria in cell death.. Oncogene 2004 Apr 12;23(16):2861-74.
- Chun-Fang, Zhang BB, Lin-Han, Gao CF, Min-Wang. d-Fagomine Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Cell Oxidative Damage by Upregulating the Expression of PGC-1u03b1.. J Agric Food Chem 2018 Mar 21;66(11):2758-2764.
- Roberts CK, Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome.. Life Sci 2009 May 22;84(21-22):705-12.
- Kowaltowski AJ, de Souza-Pinto NC, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species.. Free Radic Biol Med 2009 Aug 15;47(4):333-43.
- Harper ME, Bevilacqua L, Hagopian K, Weindruch R, Ramsey JJ. Ageing, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial uncoupling.. Acta Physiol Scand 2004 Dec;182(4):321-31.
- Hu F, Liu F. Mitochondrial stress: a bridge between mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic diseases?. Cell Signal 2011 Oct;23(10):1528-33.
- Bhatti JS, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders - A step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies.. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017 May;1863(5):1066-1077.
- Turban S, Hajduch E. Protein kinase C isoforms: mediators of reactive lipid metabolites in the development of insulin resistance.. FEBS Lett 2011 Jan 21;585(2):269-74.
- Asano N, Kato A, Miyauchi M, Kizu H, Tomimori T, Matsui K, Nash RJ, Molyneux RJ. Specific alpha-galactosidase inhibitors, N-methylcalystegines--structure/activity relationships of calystegines from Lycium chinense.. Eur J Biochem 1997 Sep 1;248(2):296-303.
- Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training.. Compr Physiol 2013 Jan;3(1):1-58.
- Chakraborty C. Biochemical and molecular basis of insulin resistance.. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2006 Apr;7(2):113-21.
- Mohammadi A, Gholamhoseinian A, Fallah H. Zataria multiflora increases insulin sensitivity and PPARu03b3 gene expression in high fructose fed insulin resistant rats.. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014;17(4):263-70.
- Li RW, Theriault AG, Au K, Douglas TD, Casaschi A, Kurowska EM, Mukherjee R. Citrus polymethoxylated flavones improve lipid and glucose homeostasis and modulate adipocytokines in fructose-induced insulin resistant hamsters.. Life Sci 2006 Jun 20;79(4):365-73.
- Yadav A, Kataria MA, Saini V, Yadav A. Role of leptin and adiponectin in insulin resistance.. Clin Chim Acta 2013 Feb 18;417:80-4.
- Wang LH, Liu YC, Wang JH, Lee CJ, Hsu BG. Serum leptin level positively correlates with metabolic syndrome among elderly Taiwanese.. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017 Jul-Sep;29(3):159-164.
- Aerts JM, Ottenhoff R, Powlson AS, Grefhorst A, van Eijk M, Dubbelhuis PF, Aten J, Kuipers F, Serlie MJ, Wennekes T, Sethi JK, O'Rahilly S, Overkleeft HS. Pharmacological inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase enhances insulin sensitivity.. Diabetes 2007 May;56(5):1341-9.
- Ramos-Romero S, Hereu M, Atienza L, Casas J, Taltavull N, Romeu M, Amu00e9zqueta S, Dasilva G, Medina I, Torres JL. Functional Effects of the Buckwheat Iminosugar d-Fagomine on Rats with Diet-Induced Prediabetes.. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018 Aug;62(16):e1800373.
- Liu Q, Li X, Li C, Zheng Y, Peng G. 1-Deoxynojirimycin Alleviates Insulin Resistance via Activation of Insulin Signaling PI3K/AKT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle of db/db Mice.. Molecules 2015 Dec 4;20(12):21700-14.
- Lee J, Ozcan U. Unfolded protein response signaling and metabolic diseases.. J Biol Chem 2014 Jan 17;289(3):1203-11.
- Ron D, Walter P. Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007 Jul;8(7):519-29.
- Ozcan L, Tabas I. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disease and other disorders.. Annu Rev Med 2012;63:317-28.
- Nash RJ, Kato A, Yu CY, Fleet GW. Iminosugars as therapeutic agents: recent advances and promising trends.. Future Med Chem 2011 Sep;3(12):1513-21.
- Kim J, Yun EY, Quan FS, Park SW, Goo TW. Central Administration of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Attenuates Hypothalamic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Regulates Food Intake and Body Weight in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity.. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;2017:3607089.
- Kim KH, Lee MS. Autophagy--a key player in cellular and body metabolism.. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014 Jun;10(6):322-37.
- Badadani M. Autophagy mechanism, regulation, functions, and disorders. ISRN Cell Biol. 2012;2012:1u201311.
- Zhu J, Zhou Y, Wang GN, Tai G, Ye XS. Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy induced by iminosugars on K562 cells.. Eur J Pharmacol 2014 May 15;731:65-72.
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Punzu00f3n E, Garcu00eda-Castillo M, Rico MA, Padilla L, Pradera A. Local, systemic and immunologic safety comparison between xenogeneic equine umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, allogeneic canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells and placebo: a randomized controlled trial.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1098029.
- Fang Y, Ma J, Lei P, Wang L, Qu J, Zhao J, Liu F, Yan X, Wu W, Jin L, Ji H, Sun D. Konjac Glucomannan: An Emerging Specialty Medical Food to Aid in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.. Foods 2023 Jan 12;12(2).
- Mularczyk M, Bourebaba N, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis.. Biomolecules 2022 Jul 27;12(8).
- Sadre R, Anthony TM, Grabar JM, Bedewitz MA, Jones AD, Barry CS. Metabolomics-guided discovery of cytochrome P450s involved in pseudotropine-dependent biosynthesis of modified tropane alkaloids.. Nat Commun 2022 Jul 2;13(1):3832.
- Kowalczuk A, Bourebaba N, Panchuk J, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Calystegines Improve the Metabolic Activity of Human Adipose Derived Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) under Hyperglycaemic Condition through the Reduction of Oxidative/ER Stress, Inflammation, and the Promotion of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR Pathway.. Biomolecules 2022 Mar 16;12(3).
- Tesseraud S, Avril P, Bonnet M, Bonnieu A, Cassar-Malek I, Chabi B, Dessauge F, Gabillard JC, Perruchot MH, Seiliez I. Autophagy in farm animals: current knowledge and future challenges.. Autophagy 2021 Aug;17(8):1809-1827.