English
French
The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.
Abstract: A main symptom of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in ponies is pathological obesity characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat deposits and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation with serum concentrations in peripheral blood of Welsh ponies. Based on clinical examination findings, the animals were divided into two groups: ponies affected with EMS (n = 8) and obese ponies (n = 8). The adipose tissue was examined using immunohistochemical analysis while concentrations IL-6 and TNF-a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Additionally, histological characterization of the adipose tissue was performed. The results obtained showed that IL-6 expression in adipose tissue biopsies derived from animals with EMS was enhanced while TNF-α levels of both groups were comparable. Compared to the obese ponies, EMS animals also had significantly elevated levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in adipose tissue preparations from the EMS group. These data suggest that IL-6 may play a key role in the course of EMS in Welsh ponies. Our findings also demonstrated that analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in serum may serve as an additional tool for diagnosing EMS.
Publication Date: 2014-09-30 PubMed ID: 25269712PubMed Central: PMC4367141DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research investigates the role of two inflammation-related proteins in equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), a condition similar to metabolic syndrome in humans, in Welsh ponies. The findings suggest that measuring these proteins might help diagnose this health problem.
Objective of the Study
The study aimed to determine the production of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, in the adipose (fat) tissue of Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and analyze their correlation with the serum levels of these proteins. Additionally, the research assessed the role of these cytokines in EMS development.
- Obese ponies and ponies affected by EMS were the two groups of animals used in the study.
- The histological characterization of fat tissue and immunohistochemical analysis for cytokines localization were performed.
- The serum levels of these cytokines were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), a common laboratory technique for detecting proteins.
Main Findings
The findings of the study provide a clear understanding of the health impacts of EMS in ponies, primarily focusing on IL-6 and TNF-α proteins.
- IL-6 levels were found to be enhanced in the fat tissue biopsies from EMS-affected ponies when compared to obese ponies, while there were no significant differences in the TNF-α levels between both groups.
- EMS animals also exhibited significantly increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in their serum. These elevated serum levels suggest a systematic inflammatory response related to EMS.
- On examining the histological preparations from the EMS group, macrophage infiltration and fibrosis were noticed in the adipose tissues, indicating a significant inflammatory condition.
Implications of the Study
This research project delivers critical insights into EMS and its associated inflammatory responses.
- The results highlighted the significant role of IL-6 in the development of EMS, suggesting its potential usage as a target for future therapeutic interventions.
- The findings also suggested that analyzing the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can serve as a useful diagnostic tool for EMS, thereby, enhancing early detection and treatment strategies.
Cite This Article
APA
Basinska K, Marycz K, u015aieszek A, Nicpou0144 J.
(2014).
The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.
J Vet Sci, 16(1), 113-120.
https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 51-631, Poland.basinskakatarzyna@wp.pl.
MeSH Terms
- Adipose Tissue / metabolism
- Animals
- Female
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horse Diseases / metabolism
- Horses
- Interleukin-6 / blood
- Interleukin-6 / genetics
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome / metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome / veterinary
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / blood
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
Conflict of Interest Statement
There is no conflict of interest.
References
This article includes 35 references
- Agrawal S, Gollapudi S, Su H, Gupta S. Leptin activates human B cells to secrete TNF-u03b1, IL-6, and IL-10 via JAK2/STAT3 and p38MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.. J Clin Immunol 2011 Jun;31(3):472-8.
- Barnes TC, Anderson ME, Moots RJ. The many faces of interleukin-6: the role of IL-6 in inflammation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.. Int J Rheumatol 2011;2011:721608.
- Bertin E, Nguyen P, Guenounou M, Durlach V, Potron G, Leutenegger M. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are essentially dependent on visceral fat amount in type 2 diabetic patients.. Diabetes Metab 2000 May;26(3):178-82.
- Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009 Feb;179(2):204-10.
- Dugdale AH, Curtis GC, Cripps P, Harris PA, Argo CM. Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares.. Equine Vet J 2010 Oct;42(7):600-10.
- Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):73-92.
- Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):467-75.
- Gabay C. Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation.. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S3.
- Gordon ME, McKeever KH, Betros CL, Manso Filho HC. Plasma leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations in young fit racehorses versus mature unfit standardbreds.. Vet J 2007 Jan;173(1):91-100.
- Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism.. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 Feb;83(2):461S-465S.
- Hajer GR, van Haeften TW, Visseren FL. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases.. Eur Heart J 2008 Dec;29(24):2959-71.
- Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
- Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link.. Diabetes 1994 Nov;43(11):1271-8.
- Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):271-93.
- Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Messer NT, Ganjam VK. Medical implications of obesity in horses--lessons for human obesity.. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009 Jan;3(1):163-74.
- Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine.. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S2.
- Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 May;280(5):E745-51.
- Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Jun;89(6):2548-56.
- Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ, Klein AS, Bulkley GB, Bao C, Noble PW, Lane MD, Diehl AM. Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses.. FASEB J 1998 Jan;12(1):57-65.
- Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression.. Nature 1998 Aug 27;394(6696):897-901.
- Marycz K, Moll E, Grzesiak J. Influence of functional nutrients on insulin resistance in horses with equine metabolic syndrome. Pak Vet J. 2014;34:189u2013192.
- Marycz K, Toker NY, Czogaa J, Michalak I, Nicpon J, Grzesiak J. An investigation of the elemental composition of horse hair affected by equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) using SEM EDX and ICP-OES. J Anim Vet Adv. 2013;12:146u2013152.
- Nieto-Vazquez I, Fernu00e1ndez-Veledo S, Kru00e4mer DK, Vila-Bedmar R, Garcia-Guerra L, Lorenzo M. Insulin resistance associated to obesity: the link TNF-alpha.. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008 Jul;114(3):183-94.
- Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K. Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease.. Curr Opin Lipidol 2003 Dec;14(6):561-6.
- Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease.. Nat Rev Immunol 2011 Feb;11(2):85-97.
- Popa C, Netea MG, van Riel PL, van der Meer JW, Stalenhoef AF. The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk.. J Lipid Res 2007 Apr;48(4):751-62.
- Rabe K, Lehrke M, Parhofer KG, Broedl UC. Adipokines and insulin resistance.. Mol Med 2008 Nov-Dec;14(11-12):741-51.
- Suagee JK, Corl BA, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ. Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on inflammatory proteins in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Aug 15;142(3-4):141-6.
- Suagee JK, Corl BA, Geor RJ. A Potential Role for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Insulin Resistance in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2012 May 2;2(2):243-60.
- Treiber K, Carter R, Gay L, Williams C, Geor R. Inflammatory and redox status of ponies with a history of pasture-associated laminitis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Jun 15;129(3-4):216-20.
- Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.. J Clin Invest 2003 Dec;112(12):1796-808.
- Wisse BE. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004 Nov;15(11):2792-800.
- Wyse CA, McNie KA, Tannahill VJ, Murray JK, Love S. Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland.. Vet Rec 2008 May 3;162(18):590-1.
- Yang R, Barouch LA. Leptin signaling and obesity: cardiovascular consequences.. Circ Res 2007 Sep 14;101(6):545-59.
- Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Shelton BJ, Fitzgerald BP. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2007 May;85(5):1144-55.
Citations
This article has been cited 30 times.- Mularczyk M, Bourebaba N, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis.. Biomolecules 2022 Jul 27;12(8).
- Smieszek A, Marcinkowska K, Pielok A, Sikora M, Valihrach L, Carnevale E, Marycz K. Obesity Affects the Proliferative Potential of Equine Endometrial Progenitor Cells and Modulates Their Molecular Phenotype Associated with Mitochondrial Metabolism.. Cells 2022 Apr 24;11(9).
- Zarski LM, Giessler KS, Jacob SI, Weber PSD, McCauley AG, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses.. Viruses 2021 Feb 24;13(3).
- Bourebaba L, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Al Naem M, Ru00f6cken M, u0141yczko J, Marycz K. MSI-1436 improves EMS adipose derived progenitor stem cells in the course of adipogenic differentiation through modulation of ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021 Feb 3;12(1):97.
- Elsner VR, Trevizol L, de Leon I, da Silva M, Weiss T, Braga M, Pochmann D, Blembeel AS, Dani C, Boggio E. Therapeutic effectiveness of a single exercise session combined with WalkAide functional electrical stimulation in post-stroke patients: a crossover design study.. Neural Regen Res 2021 May;16(5):805-812.
- Weiss C, Kornicka-Grabowska K, Mularczyk M, Siwinska N, Marycz K. Extracellular Microvesicles (MV's) Isolated from 5-Azacytidine-and-Resveratrol-Treated Cells Improve Viability and Ameliorate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Syndrome Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020 Dec;16(6):1343-1355.
- Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Blu00fcher M, Pfeffer M, Vervuert I. The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge.. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Apr 22;62(1):17.
- Szklarz M, Lipinska A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Marycz K, Janeczek M. Comparison of the clinical and radiographic appearance of the cervical vertebrae with histological and anatomical findings in an eight-month old warmblood stallion suffering from cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM).. BMC Vet Res 2019 Aug 15;15(1):296.
- Marycz K, Houston JMI, Weiss C, Ru00f6cken M, Kornicka K. 5-Azacytidine and Resveratrol Enhance Chondrogenic Differentiation of Metabolic Syndrome-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Modulating Autophagy.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:1523140.
- Ohnon W, Wattanathorn J, Thukham-Mee W, Muchimapura S, Wannanon P, Tong-Un T. The Combined Extract of Black Sticky Rice and Dill Improves Poststroke Cognitive Impairment in Metabolic Syndrome Condition.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:9089035.
- Reynolds A, Keen JA, Fordham T, Morgan RA. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese horses with equine metabolic syndrome.. Equine Vet J 2019 Nov;51(6):760-766.
- Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):335-349.
- Smieszek A, Kornicka K, Szu0142apka-Kosarzewska J, Androvic P, Valihrach L, Langerova L, Rohlova E, Kubista M, Marycz K. Metformin Increases Proliferative Activity and Viability of Multipotent Stromal Stem Cells Isolated from Adipose Tissue Derived from Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome.. Cells 2019 Jan 22;8(2).
- Alicka M, Marycz K. The Effect of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Course of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Therapy.. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:4274361.
- Kornicka K, u015amieszek A, Wu0119grzyn AS, Ru00f6cken M, Marycz K. Immunomodulatory Properties of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Treated with 5-Azacytydine and Resveratrol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Macrophages in Metabolic Syndrome Animals.. J Clin Med 2018 Oct 24;7(11).
- Kornicka K, u015amieszek A, Szu0142apka-Kosarzewska J, Irwin Houston JM, Roecken M, Marycz K. Characterization of Apoptosis, Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Islets Cells and Intestinal Epithelial Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Oct 8;19(10).
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Irwin-Houston JM, Weiss C. Combination of resveratrol and 5-azacytydine improves osteogenesis of metabolic syndrome mesenchymal stem cells.. J Cell Mol Med 2018 Oct;22(10):4771-4793.
- Marycz K, Weiss C, u015amieszek A, Kornicka K. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Mitophagy during Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:5340756.
- Dias I, Salviano u00cd, Mencalha A, de Carvalho SN, Thole AA, Carvalho L, Cortez E, Stumbo AC. Neonatal overfeeding impairs differentiation potential of mice subcutaneous adipose mesenchymal stem cells.. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018 Aug;14(4):535-545.
- Szydlarska J, Weiss C, Marycz K. The Effect of Methyl-u03b2-cyclodextrin on Apoptosis, Proliferative Activity, and Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of Horses Suffering from Metabolic Syndrome (EMS).. Molecules 2018 Jan 30;23(2).
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Szlapka-Kosarzewska J, Weiss C. Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Jan 6;19(1).
- Marycz K, Michalak I, Kocherova I, Maru0119dziak M, Weiss C. The Cladophora glomerata Enriched by Biosorption Process in Cr(III) Improves Viability, and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Derived Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) and Their Extracellular Vesicles (MV's).. Mar Drugs 2017 Dec 8;15(12).
- Nawrocka D, Kornicka K, u015amieszek A, Marycz K. Spirulina platensis Improves Mitochondrial Function Impaired by Elevated Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (ASCs) and Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs), and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Mar Drugs 2017 Aug 3;15(8).
- Ryuk JA, Ko BS, Lee HW, Kim DS, Kang S, Lee YH, Park S. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze protects estrogen-deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines.. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017 Mar;242(6):593-605.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Grzesiak J, u015amieszek A, Szu0142apka J. Macroautophagy and Selective Mitophagy Ameliorate Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential in Adipose Stem Cells of Equine Metabolic Syndrome: New Findings in the Field of Progenitor Cells Differentiation.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:3718468.
- Lee H, Shim EH, Lee MS, Myung CS. Traditional medicine, Sobokchukeou2011Tang, modulates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages.. Mol Med Rep 2017 Jan;15(1):117-124.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Maru0119dziak M, Golonka P, Nicpou0144 J. Equine metabolic syndrome impairs adipose stem cells osteogenic differentiation by predominance of autophagy over selective mitophagy.. J Cell Mol Med 2016 Dec;20(12):2384-2404.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Basinska K, Czyrek A. Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affects Viability, Senescence, and Stress Factors of Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells: New Insight into EqASCs Isolated from EMS Horses in the Context of Their Aging.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:4710326.
- Morgan R, Keen J, McGowan C. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Rec 2015 Aug 15;177(7):173-9.
- u015amieszek A, Basiu0144ska K, Chrzu0105stek K, Marycz K. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Metformin on Osteopontin Expression in Mice Adipose-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells and Adipose Tissue.. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:814896.
Secure Payments
Satisfaction Guarantee
We offer a 60-day guarantee to ensure you are completely satisfied.
Fast & Free Shipping
We provide fast and free shipping on all orders over $40.