FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Can Vet J / Simple tube centrifugation for processing platelet-rich plas...
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne2013; 53(12); 1266-1272;

Simple tube centrifugation for processing platelet-rich plasma in the horse.

Abstract: This study evaluated the quality and bacteriologic safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) produced by 3 simple, inexpensive tube centrifugation methods and a commercial system. Citrated equine blood collected from 26 normal horses was processed by 4 methods: blood collection tubes centrifuged at 1200 and 2000 × g, 50-mL conical tube, and a commercial system. White blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet counts and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined for whole blood and PRP, and aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed. Mean platelet concentrations ranged from 1.55- to 2.58-fold. The conical method yielded the most samples with platelet concentrations greater than 2.5-fold and within the clinically acceptable range of > 250,000 platelets/μL. White blood cell counts were lowest with the commercial system and unacceptably high with the blood collection tubes. The conical tube method may offer an economically feasible and comparatively safe alternative to commercial PRP production systems. Centrifugation en tube pour le traitement du plasma riche en plaquettes chez le cheval. Cette étude a évalué la qualité et l’innocuité bactériologique du plasma riche en plaquettes (PRP) produit par 3 méthodes simples et économiques de centrifugation en tube et un système commercial. Du sang équin citraté prélevé de 26 chevaux normaux a été traité à l’aide de 4 méthodes : des tubes de prélèvement du sang centrifugés à 1200 et à 2000 × g, un tube conique de 50 ml et un système commercial. La numération des globules blancs, des globules rouges et des plaquettes ainsi que le volume moyen des plaquettes ont été déterminés pour le sang total et le PRP et des cultures bactériennes en aérobiose et en anaérobiose ont été réalisées. Les concentrations moyennes des plaquettes s’échelonnaient d’un ordre de grandeur variant de 1,55 à 2,58. La méthode conique a donné le plus d’échantillons avec des concentrations de plaquettes supérieures à un ordre de 2,5 et dans la fourchette cliniquement acceptable de > 250 000 plaquettes/μL. La numération des globules blancs était la plus basse avec le système commercial et était trop élevée par la méthode avec les tubes de prélèvement du sang. La méthode du tube conique peut offrir une méthode de remplacement abordable et d’innocuité comparable aux systèmes de production commerciaux de PRP.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2013-06-05 PubMed ID: 23729823PubMed Central: PMC3500116
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study assessed the quality and safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) produced from horse blood using different centrifugation techniques and found that the simpler, low-cost conical tube method can serve as an economically-feasible and comparably safe alternative to commercial systems for PRP production.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers conducted an experiment on citrated equine blood collected from 26 healthy horses.
  • The blood was processed using four different methods: blood collection tubes centrifuged at 1200 and 2000 × g, a 50-mL conical tube, and a commercial system.
  • The researchers evaluated the resultant platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for its quality and safety. They determined the red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), and platelet counts and the mean platelet volume (MPV) for both the whole blood and the PRP obtained.
  • Bacteriologic safety was tested by performing aerobic and anaerobic cultures.

Research Findings

  • The average concentrations of platelets in the PRP samples ranged between 1.55 and 2.58-fold.
  • The conical method consistently produced PRP samples with platelet concentrations greater than 2.5-fold and within the clinically acceptable range of over 250,000 platelets/μL.
  • The commercial method achieved the lowest white blood cell counts, whereas the blood collection tubes method produced unacceptably high counts.

Conclusions

  • The study found the conical tube method to be potentially an economically feasible and comparatively safe alternative to the commercially available systems for PRP production.
  • This simplicity and cost-effectiveness can be important for veterinary medicine, providing an accessible treatment option.

Recommendations

  • Further research may be needed to optimize the procedure and further test for its safety and effectiveness across different scenarios.

Cite This Article

APA
Fontenot RL, Sink CA, Werre SR, Weinstein NM, Dahlgren LA. (2013). Simple tube centrifugation for processing platelet-rich plasma in the horse. Can Vet J, 53(12), 1266-1272.

Publication

The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 53
Issue: 12
Pages: 1266-1272

Researcher Affiliations

Fontenot, Robin L
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0442, USA.
Sink, Carolyn A
    Werre, Stephen R
      Weinstein, Nicole M
        Dahlgren, Linda A

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Centrifugation / methods
          • Centrifugation / veterinary
          • Erythrocyte Count / methods
          • Erythrocyte Count / veterinary
          • Female
          • Horse Diseases / blood
          • Horse Diseases / therapy
          • Horses / blood
          • Leukocyte Count / methods
          • Leukocyte Count / veterinary
          • Male
          • Platelet Count / methods
          • Platelet Count / veterinary
          • Platelet-Rich Plasma / cytology

          References

          This article includes 48 references
          1. Sampson S, Gerhardt M, Mandelbaum B. Platelet rich plasma injection grafts for musculoskeletal injuries: A review.. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008;1:165–174.
            pmc: PMC2682411pubmed: 19468902
          2. Simman R, Hoffmann A, Bohinc RJ, Peterson WC, Russ AJ. Role of platelet-rich plasma in acceleration of bone fracture healing.. Ann Plast Surg 2008;61:337–344.
            pubmed: 18724139
          3. Nikolidakis D, Jansen JA. The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in oral surgery: Literature review.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2008;14:249–258.
            pubmed: 18601587
          4. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.. J Orthop Res 2007;25:230–240.
            pubmed: 17106885
          5. Waselau M, Sutter WW, Genovese RL, Bertone AL. Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in Standardbred racehorses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1515–1520.
            pubmed: 18479242
          6. Bosch G, van Schie HT, de Groot MW. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: A placebo-controlled experimental study.. J Orthop Res 2010;28:211–217.
            pubmed: 19714688
          7. DeRossi R, Coelho AC, Mello GS. Effects of platelet-rich plasma gel on skin healing in surgical wound in horses.. Acta Cir Bras 2009;24:276–281.
            pubmed: 19705027
          8. Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B, Nurden P, Nurden AT. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration.. Thromb Haemost 2004;91:4–15.
            pubmed: 14691563
          9. Marx RE. Platelet-rich plasma: Evidence to support its use.. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:489–496.
            pubmed: 15085519
          10. Sutter WW, Kaneps AJ, Bertone AL. Comparison of hematologic values and transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor concentrations in platelet concentrates obtained by use of buffy coat and apheresis methods from equine blood.. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:924–930.
            pubmed: 15281650
          11. Eppley BL, Woodell JE, Higgins J. Platelet quantification and growth factor analysis from platelet-rich plasma: Implications for wound healing.. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;114:1502–1508.
            pubmed: 15509939
          12. Carter CA, Jolly DG, Worden CE Sr, Hendren DG, Kane CJ. Platelet-rich plasma gel promotes differentiation and regeneration during equine wound healing.. Exp Mol Pathol 2003;74:244–255.
            pubmed: 12782011
          13. Monteiro SO, Lepage OM, Theoret CL. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the repair of wounds on the distal aspect of the forelimb in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009;70:277–282.
            pubmed: 19231962
          14. Del Bue M, Ricco S, Conti V, Merli E, Ramoni R, Grolli S. Platelet lysate promotes in vitro proliferation of equine mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes.. Vet Res Commun 2007;31(Suppl 1):289–292.
            pubmed: 17682897
          15. Del Bue M, Ricco S, Ramoni R, Conti V, Gnudi G, Grolli S. Equine adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: Their association in vitro and in vivo.. Vet Res Commun 2008;32(Suppl 1):S51–55.
            pubmed: 18683070
          16. Schnabel LV, Fortier LA, McCarrel TM, Sundman EA, Boswell S. PRP: What we know and where are we going?. Proc Am Col Vet Surg Vet Symp 2011;21:103.
          17. Castillo TN, Pouliot MA, Kim HJ, Dragoo JL. Comparison of growth factor and platelet concentration from commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:266–271.
            pubmed: 21051428
          18. McLellan J, Plevin S. Does it matter which platelet-rich plasma we use?. Equine Vet Educ 2011;23:101–104.
          19. Sundman EA, Cole BJ, Fortier LA. Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations are influenced by the cellular composition of platelet-rich plasma.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2135–2140.
            pubmed: 21846925
          20. Werther K, Christensen IJ, Nielsen HJ. Determination of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in circulating blood: Significance of VEGF in various leucocytes and platelets.. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2002;62:343–350.
            pubmed: 12387579
          21. McCarrel T, Fortier L. Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression.. J Orthop Res 2009;27:1033–1042.
            pubmed: 19170097
          22. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T. Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol 2009;27:158–167.
            pubmed: 19187989
          23. Bordin JO, Heddle NM, Blajchman MA. Biologic effects of leukocytes present in transfused cellular blood products.. Blood 1994;84:1703–1721.
            pubmed: 8080981
          24. Davenport RD, Kunkel SL. Cytokine roles in hemolytic and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.. Transfus Med Rev 1994;8:157–168.
            pubmed: 8081078
          25. Muylle L, Peetermans ME. Effect of prestorage leukocyte removal on the cytokine levels in stored platelet concentrates.. Vox Sang 1994;66:14–17.
            pubmed: 8146977
          26. Palmer DS, Aye MT, Dumont L. Prevention of cytokine accumulation in platelets obtained with the COBE spectra apheresis system.. Vox Sang 1998;75:115–123.
            pubmed: 9784664
          27. Marx RE, Carlson ER, Eichstaedt RM, Schimmele SR, Strauss JE, Georgeff KR. Platelet-rich plasma: Growth factor enhancement for bone grafts.. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:638–646.
            pubmed: 9638695
          28. Liu Y, Kalen A, Risto O, Wahlstrom O. Fibroblast proliferation due to exposure to a platelet concentrate in vitro is pH dependent.. Wound Repair Regen 2002;10:336–340.
            pubmed: 12406171
          29. Weibrich G, Hansen T, Kleis W, Buch R, Hitzler WE. Effect of platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma on peri-implant bone regeneration.. Bone 2004;34:665–671.
            pubmed: 15050897
          30. Haynesworth SE, Kadiyala S, Liang L, Bruder SP. Mitogenic stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells by platelet releasate suggests a mechanism for enhancement of bone repair by platelet concentrate.. Trans Orthop Res Soc 1996;21:462.
          31. Graziani F, Cei S, Ducci F, Giuca MR, Donos N, Gabriele M. In vitro effects of different concentration of PRP on primary bone and gingival cell lines. Preliminary results.. Minerva Stomatol 2005;54:15–22.
            pubmed: 15902059
          32. Mastrangelo AN, Vavken P, Fleming BC, Harrison SL, Murray MM. Reduced platelet concentration does not harm PRP effectiveness for ACL repair in a porcine in vivo model.. J Orthop Res 2011;29:1002–1007.
            pmc: PMC3094496pubmed: 21337615
          33. Boudreaux M, Ebbe S. Comparison of platelet number, mean platelet volume and platelet mass in five mammalian species.. Comp Haematol Int 1998;8:16–20.
          34. Gader AG, Ghumlas AK, Hussain MF, Haidari AA, White JG. The ultrastructure of camel blood platelets: A comparative study with human, bovine, and equine cells.. Platelets 2008;19:51–58.
            pubmed: 18231938
          35. Arguelles D, Carmona JU, Pastor J. Evaluation of single and double centrifugation tube methods for concentrating equine platelets.. Res Vet Sci 2006;81:237–245.
            pubmed: 16969921
          36. Christensen K, Vang S, Brady C. Autologous platelet gel: An in vitro analysis of platelet-rich plasma using multiple cycles.. J Extra Corpor Technol 2006;38:249–253.
            pmc: PMC4680817pubmed: 17089512
          37. McCarrel T, Minas T, Fortier L. Optimization of white blood cell concentration in platelet rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of tendonitis.. Vet Surgery 2011;40:E37.
            pubmed: 23032594
          38. Bielecki T, Gazdzik TS, Szczepanski T. Benefit of percutaneous injection of autologous platelet-leukocyte-rich gel in patients with delayed union and nonunion.. Eur Surg Res 2008;40:289–296.
            pubmed: 18277077
          39. Everts PA, Devilee RJ, Brown Mahoney C. Exogenous application of platelet-leukocyte gel during open subacromial decompression contributes to improved patient outcome. A prospective randomized double-blind study.. Eur Surg Res 2008;40:203–210.
            pubmed: 17998780
          40. Khalafi RS, Bradford DW, Wilson MG. Topical application of autologous blood products during surgical closure following a coronary artery bypass graft.. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;34:360–364.
            pubmed: 18585051
          41. Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma.. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1774–1778.
            pubmed: 16735582
          42. Bielecki TM, Gazdzik TS, Arendt J, Szczepanski T, Krol W, Wielkoszynski T. Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances: An in vitro study.. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89:417–420.
            pubmed: 17356164
          43. Moojen DJ, Everts PA, Schure RM. Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus.. J Orthop Res 2008;26:404–410.
            pubmed: 17960651
          44. Cieslik-Bielecka A, Gazdzik TS, Bielecki TM, Cieslik T. Why the platelet-rich gel has antimicrobial activity?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103:303–305.
            pubmed: 17197209
          45. Lincoln JA, Lefkowitz DL, Cain T. Exogenous myeloperoxidase enhances bacterial phagocytosis and intracellular killing by macrophages.. Infect Immun 1995;63:3042–3047.
            pmc: PMC173414pubmed: 7622228
          46. Zimmermann R, Jakubietz R, Jakubietz M. Different preparation methods to obtain platelet components as a source of growth factors for local application.. Transfusion 2001;41:1217–1224.
            pubmed: 11606819
          47. Laufer N, Grover NB, Ben-Sasson S, Freund H. Effects of adenosine diphosphate, colchicine and temperature on size of human platelets.. Thromb Haemost 1979;41:491–497.
            pubmed: 462416
          48. Alvarez ME, Giraldo CE, Carmona JU. Monitoring bacterial contamination in equine platelet concentrates obtained by the tube method in a clean laboratory environment under three different technical conditions.. Equine Vet J 2010;42:63–67.
            pubmed: 20121916

          Citations

          This article has been cited 12 times.
          1. Carmona JU, López C, Argüelles D. Addressing Heterogeneity in Equine PRP Therapies: A Scoping Review of Methods, Evidence, and Commercial Validation. Animals (Basel) 2025 Dec 13;15(24).
            doi: 10.3390/ani15243586pubmed: 41463871google scholar: lookup
          2. Piccione G, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Aragona F, Pugliatti P, Panzera MF, Zumbo A, Monteverde V, Bartolo V, Barbera A, Giannetto C. Dynamic Adaptation of Hematological Parameters, Albumin, and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Saddlebred and Standardbred Horses During Exercise. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 21;15(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani15030300pubmed: 39943070google scholar: lookup
          3. Torres LEC, Florez CO, Oliveira JG, Vieira GD, Ribeiro IS, Keller KM, Leme FOP, Fantini P, Maranhão RPA. Antimicrobial Activity of Plasma Rich in Platelets (PRP) on the Ocular Microbiota of Healthy Horses from Minas Gerais: In Vitro Study. Vet Med Int 2023;2023:2407768.
            doi: 10.1155/2023/2407768pubmed: 37622165google scholar: lookup
          4. Sharun K, Chandran D, Manjusha KM, Mankuzhy PD, Kumar R, Pawde AM, Dhama K, El-Husseiny HM, Amarpal. Advances and prospects of platelet-rich plasma therapy in veterinary ophthalmology. Vet Res Commun 2023 Sep;47(3):1031-1045.
            doi: 10.1007/s11259-022-10064-zpubmed: 36607500google scholar: lookup
          5. Camargo Garbin L, Lopez C, Carmona JU. A Critical Overview of the Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Equine Medicine Over the Last Decade. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:641818.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641818pubmed: 33869321google scholar: lookup
          6. Perego R, Spada E, Baggiani L, Martino PA, Proverbio D. Efficacy of a Semi Automated Commercial Closed System for Autologous Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Plasma (l-prp) Production in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 4;10(8).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10081342pubmed: 32759643google scholar: lookup
          7. Seidel SRT, Vendruscolo CP, Moreira JJ, Fülber J, Ottaiano TF, Oliva MLV, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA. Does Double Centrifugation Lead to Premature Platelet Aggregation and Decreased TGF-β1 Concentrations in Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma?. Vet Sci 2019 Aug 21;6(3).
            doi: 10.3390/vetsci6030068pubmed: 31438534google scholar: lookup
          8. Kaewkhao K, Chotivanich K, Winterberg M, Day NP, Tarning J, Blessborn D. High sensitivity methods to quantify chloroquine and its metabolite in human blood samples using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2019 Mar;11(5):333-347.
            doi: 10.4155/bio-2018-0202pubmed: 30873854google scholar: lookup
          9. Lee EB, Kim JW, Seo JP. Comparison of the methods for platelet rich plasma preparation in horses. J Anim Sci Technol 2018;60:20.
            doi: 10.1186/s40781-018-0178-4pubmed: 30147942google scholar: lookup
          10. Gutiérrez CM, López C, Giraldo CE, Carmona JU. Study of a Two-Step Centrifugation Protocol for Concentrating Cells and Growth Factors in Bovine Platelet-Rich Plasma. Vet Med Int 2017;2017:1950401.
            doi: 10.1155/2017/1950401pubmed: 29214094google scholar: lookup
          11. Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N, Gentilini F, Lambertini C, Spadari A. The influence of environmental variables on platelet concentration in horse platelet-rich plasma. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Jul 4;58(1):45.
            doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0226-3pubmed: 27377748google scholar: lookup
          12. Giraldo CE, Álvarez ME, Carmona JU. Effects of sodium citrate and acid citrate dextrose solutions on cell counts and growth factor release from equine pure-platelet rich plasma and pure-platelet rich gel. BMC Vet Res 2015 Mar 14;11:60.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0370-4pubmed: 25889052google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.