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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025; 14(5); 449; doi: 10.3390/pathogens14050449

Spatial Distribution of Equid Exposure to Rickettsia spp. in Goiás State, Midwestern Brazil.

Abstract: This study sought to investigate the presence of anti- spp. antibodies in georeferenced serum samples from equids across all regions of the state of Goiás, while also presenting variables that indicate risk factors for the circulation of rickettsiae, and evaluating the presence of rickettsial DNA in ticks collected from equids and the surrounding environment in the municipalities of Uruaçu and Porangatu, located in the northern region of the state. A total of 1156 equid serum samples provided by the Goiás Agricultural Defense Agency (Agrodefesa) were analyzed for antibodies against 4 antigens. Additionally, 39 blood samples were collected from equids during a 3-day field expedition in January 2024, alongside 938 ticks collected from both animals and the environment. In total, 297 adult ticks were randomly selected for molecular analysis and tested by qPCR targeting the rickettsial A gene. Positive samples were further analyzed using cPCR to target the A and A genes. Results revealed that 9.6% (111/1156) of the serum samples were seroreactive to at least one antigen. Among these, 36% had antibodies against , 18.9% against , 69.4% against , and 14.4% against . Furthermore, the possible antigen responsible for a homologous reaction was found in 3.6% of equids for , and in the same proportion for , while 23.4% of animals showed antibodies for , and none exhibited a homologous reaction to . Meanwhile, 28.2% of the serum samples collected during the field expedition had antibodies against , with 72.7% identifying as the antigen involved in the homologous reaction. In the logistic regression analysis, the variables of education level, altitude below 500 m, and presence of female mules demonstrated a positive effect on seropositivity. Ticks from animals were identified as sensu lato, , , and , while environmental ticks were identified as s.l., , and . In the qPCR assays, two specimens of s.l., one of , and one of amplified a fragment of the A gene. Of these, one s.l. specimen amplified a fragment of both the A and A genes, and one specimen amplified a fragment of the A gene through conventional PCR. Sequencing confirmed the detection of . These findings highlight the presence of anti- spp. antibodies in equid serum samples from all regions of the state of Goiás, emphasizing the important role of equids as sentinels for spp. To our knowledge, this study represents the largest effort to detect anti- spp. antibodies in equid serum samples in Brazil. Additionally, it is the first nationwide investigation of its kind conducted in collaboration with the Agricultural Defense Agency (Agrodefesa), serving as a significant example of the One Health approach.
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Publication Date: 2025-05-02 PubMed ID: 40430769PubMed Central: PMC12114370DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14050449Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article outlines a study conducted to examine the presence and spread of anti-Rickettsia bacteria antibodies in equids across all regions of Goiás, Brazil. It also investigates risk factors for the bacteria’s circulation and evaluates the presence of Rickettsia DNA in ticks gathered from equids and their surrounding environment.

Research Methodology

  • The analysis involved 1156 equid serum samples provided by the Goiás Agricultural Defense Agency (Agrodefesa). They were analysed for antibodies against 4 Rickettsia antigens.
  • Over a 3-day field trip in January 2024, 39 blood samples were collected from equids and 938 ticks were taken from both the animals and the environment.
  • Out of the total ticks, 297 adult ticks were chosen at random for molecular analysis.
  • The ticks were then tested by qPCR that targeted the rickettsial A gene. Positive samples found were further analysed using cPCR to target the A and A genes.

Research Findings

  • Results showed that 9.6% of the serum samples were seroreactive to at least one Rickettsia antigen. The antigens presented varied reactions: 36% had antibodies against one antigen, 18.9% against another, 69.4% challenged one more and 14.4% reacted against the final antigen.
  • A homologous reaction was found in 3.6% of equids for the first two antigens, while 23.4% of animals showed antibodies for another antigen, and no samples exhibited a homologous reaction to the last antigen.
  • 28.2% of the serum samples collected during the field trip had antibodies against one antigen, with 72.7% identifying it as the antigen involved in the homologous reaction.
  • The variables of education level, altitude below 500 m, and presence of female mules were identified as having a positive impact on seropositivity.
  • Different types of ticks were identified from animals as well as from the environment, some of which amplified a fragment of the A gene in the qPCR assays. Sequencing confirmed the detection of Rickettsia.

Significance of the Study

  • This study demonstrated the presence of anti-Rickettsia bacteria antibodies in equid serum samples from all regions of the state of Goiás, highlighting the vital role of equids as sentinels for Rickettsia spp.
  • To the researchers’ knowledge, this study represents the largest effort to detect anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in equid serum samples in Brazil. Furthermore, it is the first nationwide investigation of this kind conducted in partnership with the Agricultural Defense Agency (Agrodefesa), setting a significant precedent for the One Health approach.

Cite This Article

APA
Pádua GT, Tavares MA, de Lima NJ, Paula WVF, Dos Santos GC, Neves LC, Bittencourt RBM, Paludo RLDR, Cardoso ERN, da Silva BBF, Pádua BR, Borsanelli AC, Dantas-Torres F, Polo GP, Krawczak FDS. (2025). Spatial Distribution of Equid Exposure to Rickettsia spp. in Goiás State, Midwestern Brazil. Pathogens, 14(5), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050449

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
PII: 449

Researcher Affiliations

Pádua, Gracielle Teles
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Tavares, Mariana Avelar
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
de Lima, Nicolas Jalowitzki
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Paula, Warley Vieira de Freitas
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Dos Santos, Gabriel Cândido
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Neves, Lucianne Cardoso
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Bittencourt, Raphaela Bueno Mendes
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Paludo, Raquel Loren Dos Reis
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Cardoso, Ennya Rafaella Neves
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
da Silva, Bianca Barbara Fonseca
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Pádua, Bruno Rodrigues de
  • Agência Goiana de Defesa Agropecuária, Goiânia 74620-030, Brazil.
Borsanelli, Ana Carolina
  • Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Bacteriologia-LADIB, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.
Dantas-Torres, Filipe
  • Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
Polo, Gina Paola
  • Instituto de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia.
Krawczak, Felipe da Silva
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias-LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Rickettsia / immunology
  • Rickettsia / genetics
  • Rickettsia / isolation & purification
  • Rickettsia Infections / veterinary
  • Rickettsia Infections / epidemiology
  • Rickettsia Infections / microbiology
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Antibodies, Bacterial / blood
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Antigens, Bacterial / immunology
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Equidae / microbiology
  • Female
  • Ticks / microbiology
  • Male

Grant Funding

  • Process Number: 317557/2021-1. / CNPq:
  • 001 / Coordenau00e7u00e3o de Aperfeiu00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nu00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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