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Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2017; 7; 465; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00465

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells.

Abstract: subsp. () is an opportunistic pathogen of several species including humans. is found on mucus membranes of healthy horses, but can cause acute and chronic endometritis. Recently was found able to reside in the endometrium for prolonged periods of time. Thus, we hypothesized that an intracellular phase may be part of the pathogenesis and investigated if was able to invade and survive inside epithelial cells. HEp-2 and HeLa cell lines were co-cultured with two strains (1-4a and S31A1) both originating from the uterus of mares suffering from endometritis. Cells were fixed at different time points during the 23 h infection assay and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to characterize adhesion and invasion mechanisms. The FESEM images showed three morphologically different types of invasion for both bacterial strains. The main port of entry was through large invaginations in the epithelial cell membrane. Pili-like bacterial appendages were observed when the cells were in close proximity to the epithelial cells indicating that attachment and invasion were active processes. Adherent and intracellular , and bacteria in association with lysosomes was determined by immunofluorescence staining techniques and fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of intracellular bacteria was determined in penicillin protection assays. Both strains investigated were able to invade epithelial cells although at different magnitudes. The immunofluorescence data showed significantly higher adhesion and invasion rates for strain 1-4a when compared to strain S31A1. was able to survive intracellularly, but the survival rate decreased over time in the cell culture system. Phagosome-like compartments containing at some stages fused with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. The results indicate that an intracellular phase may be one way survives in the host, and could in part explain how can cause recurrent/persistent infections. Future studies should reveal the ability of to internalize and survive in primary equine endometrial cells and during conditions.
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Publication Date: 2017-11-06 PubMed ID: 29164073PubMed Central: PMC5681531DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00465Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates how Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, a pathogen found in horses, is able to invade and survive within epithelial cells, potentially leading to the persistent infections it causes.

Introduction

  • Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (Sez) is a bacterium that is often found on the mucus membranes of healthy horses. However, it can also cause acute and chronic endometritis, an inflammation of the uterus’ lining.
  • In recent studies, Sez was found to be able to exist in the endometrium for extended periods, suggesting that it might go through an intracellular phase as part of its pathogenic process.

Method

  • The researchers conducted co-cultures with HEp-2 and HeLa cell lines and two strains of Sez (1-4a and S31A1), both of which came from the uteruses of mares suffering from endometritis.
  • The cells were then fixed at set times during a 23-hour infection test, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to establish the mechanisms of adhesion and invasion.

Results

  • Three visually distinct types of invasion were observed for both bacterial strains. The bacteria primarily entered the cell through large invaginations in the cell membrane.
  • When the bacteria were close to the epithelial cells, pili-like appendages were noticed, suggesting that attachment and invasion are active processes.
  • Immunofluorescence staining techniques and fluorescence microscopy were employed to identify adherent and intracellular Sez, and bacteria associated with lysosomes.
  • Both Sez strains were capable of invading the epithelial cells, but the magnitudes differed. Strain 1-4a showed significantly higher adhesion and invasion rates as compared to strain S31A1.
  • Sez was able to survive intracellularly, but the survival rate decreased over time in the cell culture system.

Conclusion

  • The authors concluded that the ability of Sez to invade and persist within cells might explain its ability to cause recurring or persistent infections.
  • This observation warrants further study, particularly into the bacterium’s ability to internalize and survive in primary equine endometrial cells and under in vivo conditions, i.e., within a living organism.

Cite This Article

APA
Skive B, Rohde M, Molinari G, Braunstein TH, Bojesen AM. (2017). Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 7, 465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00465

Publication

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
ISSN: 2235-2988
NlmUniqueID: 101585359
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 7
Pages: 465
PII: 465

Researcher Affiliations

Skive, Bolette
  • Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Rohde, Manfred
  • Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Molinari, Gabriella
  • Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Braunstein, Thomas Hartig
  • Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bojesen, Anders M
  • Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.

MeSH Terms

  • Adhesins, Bacterial / physiology
  • Animals
  • Cell Line
  • Coculture Techniques
  • Colony Count, Microbial
  • Endometritis / microbiology
  • Endometritis / veterinary
  • Epithelial Cells / microbiology
  • Female
  • HeLa Cells
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions / physiology
  • Humans
  • Lysosomes
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  • Streptococcal Infections / microbiology
  • Streptococcal Infections / veterinary
  • Streptococcus / classification
  • Streptococcus / growth & development
  • Streptococcus / isolation & purification
  • Streptococcus / pathogenicity

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