Studies on blood and serum types of the Icelandic horses.
Abstract: By means of isoimmunizations and heteroimmunizations 10 equine blood typing reagents were isolated. The specific antibodies were complete agglutinins, which were used in the direct agglutination test in saline medium. The reagents were designated A2, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, Da1, and Da2 reagent. Da1 and Da2 are preliminary designations. The data obtained from blood typing of a family material and a population material of Icelandic horses showed that the occurrence of each blood type factor is controlled by a single, dominant gene. The family data tended to show that the blood factors under investigation belonged to 8 blood type systems. The A system contained the antigens A2 and Da2. These antigens are related to each other through a linear subgroup relationship. The D system had the factors D and J. The G, E, G, I, K, and Da1 systems are one-factor, two-allele blood type systems. The H factor was not observed in Icelandic horses. In connection with the establishment of the 8 blood type systems it must be emphasized that the problem of allelism or nonallelism of 2 genes can only be solved by means of relevant family data. Because of the rare occurrence of some of the blood factors in the Icelandic horse such data were in some cases not available. Thus some conclusions were based on results from two-by-two contingency tables with the use of population data. This was used particularly for the D and G systems, and additional family data are necessary for a definite establishment of these systems. Exceptions to the genetic theory, apparently caused by erroneous registration, were presented. Finally, estimates were given of gene frequencies of the causative genes among Icelandic horses. Starch gel electrophoresis of sera from Icelandic horses revealed the existence of 21 transferrin phenotypes. The data obtained supported the theory advanced, that transferrin polymorphism in horses is controlled by 6 autosomal codominant alleles: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO, and TfH. 925 randomly selected Icelandic horses were typed for serum transferrin and the gene frequencies were estimated. Starch gel electrophoresis of about 100 horse serum samples did hot reveal individual variation of the equine haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin. Studies on approximately 300 sera showed an identical serum amylase pattern. Mit Anwendung von Iso- und Heteroimmunisierungen sind 10 Blutgruppenreagenzien, alle komplette Agglutinine verwendbar bei direkten Agglutinationstesten, isoliert worden. Die Reagenzien haben die Bezeichnungen A2, G, D, E, G, H, I, K, Dax und Da2 bekommen. Da2 und Da2 sind vorläufige Bezeichnungen. Blutgruppenbestimmungen eines Familienmaterials und eines Populationsmaterials von isländischen Pferden zeigten, dass die Vererbung jedes Blutgruppenfaktors von einem einzelnen dominanten Gen kontrolliert wird. Genetische Daten haben bezeigt, dass die Blutgruppenfaktoren voraussichtlich 8 Blutgruppensystemen angehören. Das A-System umfasst die beiden Antigene A2 und Da2, die durch eine lineare Untergruppenverwandtschaft verwandt sind. Die Faktoren D und J gehören dem D-System an. Die G-, E-, G-, I-, K- und Da1-Systeme sind ein-Faktor, zwei-Allel Blutgruppensysteme. Das H-Antigen wurde bei isländischen Pferden nicht observiert. Im Anschluss an die Etablierung der 8 Blutgruppensysteme soll stark hervorgehoben werden, dass das Problem Alleli oder nicht-Alleli zweier Gene nur mit Hilfe einer Analyse von relevanten Familiendaten gelöst werden kann. In einigen Fällen waren diese nicht vorhanden, weil bestimmte Antigene bei den isländischen Pferden sehr selten vorkommen. Einige Konklusionen wurden daher auf populationsgenetische Daten basiert. Dieses gilt besonders dem D- und G-System. Die Genfrequenz wurde auf Grundlage der Populationsdaten berechnet. Mit Hilfe der Stärkegelelektrophorese in Seren von isländischen Pferden wurden 21 Transferrinphänotypen nachgewiesen. Die angeführten Daten unterstützen die früher hervorgesetzte Hypothese, dass die Variationen, welche beim Pferd festgestellt worden sind, von 6 autosomalen kodominanten Allelen: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO und TfR bedingt sind. Die Genfrequenzbestimmungen wurden auf Grundlage der Daten von 925 zufällig ausgewählten Pferden berechnet. Individuelle Variationen in bezug auf Haptoglobin, Ceruloplasmin und Serumamylase wurden nicht gefunden. Ved hjælp af iso- og heteroimmuniseringer er der isoleret 10 blodtypereagenser, som alle er komplette agglutininer anvendelige i den direkte agglutinationstest. Reagenserne har fået betegnelserne A2, G, D, E, G, H, I, K, Da1 og Da2 reagenser. Dax og Da2 er foreløbige betegnelser. Blodtypebestemmelse af et familiemateriale og et populationsmateriale af islandske heste viste, at nedarvnigen af hver blodtypefaktor er under kontrol af et enkelt dominant gen. Genetiske data har sandsynliggjort, at blodtypefaktorerne tilhører 8 blodtypesystemer. A-systemet indeholder 2 gennem et lineært undergruppeslægtskab beslægtede antigener A2 og D2. D-systemet består af faktorerne D og J. C-, E-, G, I-, K- og Da1-systemerne er een-faktor, to-allel blodtypesystemer. H-antigenet blev ikke observeret hos islandske heste. Det må i forbindelse med etableringen af de 8 blodtypesystemer stærkt understreges, at problemet alleli eller ikke-alleli for 2 gener kun kan løses ved analyse af relevante familiedata. Sådanne har i nogle tilfælde ikke været tilstede på grund af visse antigeners sjældne forekomst blandt islandske heste. Nogle konklusioner er derfor baseret på populationsgenetiske data. Dette er især tilfældet med D- og G-systemet. Der er givet nogle eksempler på undtagelser fra den genetiske teori, forårsaget af forkert registrering. Genfrekvenserne er udregnet på grundlag af populationsdata. Ved stivelsegelelektroforese af sera fra islandske heste fandtes 21 transferrinfænotyper. De fremkomne data understøtter den tidligere fremsatte hypotese, at de påviste variationer hos hesten er betinget af 6 autosomale kodominante alleler: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO, TfR. Genfrekvensbestemmelser blev udregnet på grundlag af data fra 925 tilfældigt udvalgte heste. Der blev ikke fundet individuelle variationer i haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin og serumamylase.
Publication Date: 1966-01-01 PubMed ID: 5959180PubMed Central: PMC8823523DOI: 10.1186/BF03547112Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research paper investigates the blood and serum types of Icelandic horses, determining the genetic factors controlling them and establishes eight blood type systems. Additionally, it reveals the existence of 21 transferrin phenotypes and investigates individual variations in haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and serum amylase.
Detailing Blood Types of Icelandic Horses
- The study isolated 10 equine blood typing reagents through isoimmunizations and heteroimmunizations.
- These reagents, A, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, Da, and Da reagent, were used in the direct agglutination test in a saline medium.
- The research discovered that the occurrence of each blood type factor is controlled by a single dominant gene.
- The A-System was identified as containing the antigens A and Da, which are related through a linear subgroup relationship. Meanwhile, D-System involved factors D and J.
- Single factor, dual allele blood type systems were identified as G, E, G, I, K, and Da systems. The H factor was not observed in the Icelandic Horses.
Analyzing Allelism and Genetic Theory Exceptions
- The paper highlights that allelism or nonallelism issues between two genes can only be resolved using relevant family data.
- However, in cases where certain antigens were infrequently found in Icelandic horses, these family data were not available, implying some conclusions were derived from population data.
- Exceptions to the genetic theory, seemingly caused by incorrect registration, were also addressed.
Discovering 21 Transferrin Phenotypes and Checking Variations
- Using starch gel electrophoresis of sera from Icelandic horses, 21 transferrin phenotypes were identified.
- The data supported the theory that transferrin polymorphism in horses is controlled by six autosomal codominant alleles: Tf, Tf, Tf, Tf, Tf, and Tf.
- A group of 925 randomly selected Icelandic horses were typed for serum transferrin and the gene frequencies were estimated.
- The research found no individual variation in the equine haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and serum amylase, based on studying approximately 300 sera samples.
Ultimately, this study offers critical insight into the genetic factors controlling various blood type systems in Icelandic horses, the existence of multiple transferrin phenotypes, and lack of individual variations in key serum proteins which could all contribute to future genetic and veterinary research.
Cite This Article
APA
Hesselholt M.
(1966).
Studies on blood and serum types of the Icelandic horses.
Acta Vet Scand, 7(3), 206-225.
https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547112 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Blood Group Antigens / classification
- Blood Protein Electrophoresis
- Genetics
- Horses
References
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