FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzst...
Frontiers in veterinary science2024; 11; 1359974; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974

Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi.

Abstract: Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are an important group of organisms that can affect animals and humans all over the world. Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by and , is considered one of the most important tick-borne diseases and can cause significant clinical symptoms and mortality in horses. Moreover, EP plays a restrictive role in international horse traditions and transportation. Although these species can cause similar symptoms, there are different 18S rRNA genotypes of (five genotypes) and (three genotypes). Besides piroplasma species, and hemotropic mycoplasmas (HM) are known as other important tick-borne pathogens reported in horses. Unassigned: In this study, we investigated the presence, prevalence, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic analyses of TBPs using PCRs and DNA sequencing in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan. For these purposes, a total of 311 blood samples were collected from Chuy, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Osh, Talas, and Jalal-Abad. Unassigned: DNA amplification of TBP revealed that 23 (7.40%) out of 311 samples were found to be positive for . However, , HM, , and were not detected in this study. The infection rate of was higher in males (8.11%) than in females (6.35%) (=0.2880) and in those older than 5 years (9.02%) than in the 1-4 age group (6.35%) (=0.1950). Phylogenetic analysis of 18S revealed that A and E genotypes of have circulated in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan. Unassigned: Information about the genetic diversity of is important for understanding the population dynamics of the species and developing effective control strategies against this pathogen. This is the first molecular investigation of in horses in Kyrgyzstan. Although this pathogen has been detected in different hosts in Kyrgyzstan, it was not detected in this study. However, considering the wide host spectrum of , it is thought that more large-scale studies are needed to understand the effect of horses on the epidemiology of this pathogen.
Copyright © 2024 Altay, Erol, Sahin, Ulucesme, Aytmirzakizi and Aktas.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-04-29 PubMed ID: 38746933PubMed Central: PMC11091870DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the presence and genetic diversity of tick-borne pathogens, specifically Theileria equi, in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan.
  • It is the first molecular survey focusing on Theileria equi in Kyrgyz horses and provides insights into prevalence and phylogenetic genotypes circulating in the region.

Background

  • Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) impact both animals and humans globally, causing a range of diseases.
  • Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a significant tick-borne disease in horses, caused primarily by two protozoan parasites: Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.
  • EP can lead to serious clinical symptoms and increased mortality in affected horses and also complicates international equine trade and transport.
  • Different genotypes of T. equi and B. caballi have been identified based on variations in the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, specifically five genotypes for T. equi and three for B. caballi.
  • Besides T. equi and B. caballi, other TBPs such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum and hemotropic mycoplasmas (HM) are known to infect horses, but their presence was specifically investigated here.

Objectives

  • To detect the presence and prevalence of Theileria equi and other relevant tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses throughout Kyrgyzstan.
  • To analyze the genetic diversity of detected T. equi strains by sequencing the 18S rRNA gene.
  • To perform phylogenetic analyses to classify detected genotypes and understand the circulating populations of T. equi in the region.

Methods

  • Blood samples (n=311) were collected from grazing horses across six regions in Kyrgyzstan: Chuy, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Osh, Talas, and Jalal-Abad.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays targeting specific genes were used to detect DNA of TBPs.
  • Positive PCR products for Theileria equi were sequenced, and 18S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed for genetic diversity and phylogeny.
  • Statistical analysis compared infection rates based on sex and age groups of the horses.

Key Findings

  • Out of 311 horse samples, 23 (7.40%) tested positive for Theileria equi.
  • Other TBPs such as Babesia caballi, hemotropic mycoplasmas, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and others targeted in the study were not detected.
  • Infection rates for T. equi were slightly higher in males (8.11%) than females (6.35%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.2880).
  • Older horses (>5 years) had a higher infection rate (9.02%) compared to younger horses (ages 1-4 years, 6.35%), but again no significant difference was noted (p=0.1950).
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two genotypes, A and E, of T. equi are circulating among grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan, indicating genetic diversity within the local parasite population.

Significance and Implications

  • This molecular survey is the first to report on T. equi in horses of Kyrgyzstan, mapping its prevalence and genetic variation.
  • The identification of genotypes A and E suggests multiple strains of T. equi are established, which is important information for understanding epidemiology.
  • Knowledge about the genetic diversity of T. equi assists in understanding its population dynamics and may aid in designing targeted control strategies and diagnostic tools.
  • Despite previous detection of related pathogens in various hosts in Kyrgyzstan, only T. equi was found in this study’s horse population, emphasizing the need for further broader research.
  • The lack of detection of other TBPs like Babesia caballi or hemotropic mycoplasmas may reflect low prevalence or sampling limitations but warrants additional surveillance.
  • Given the wide host range of many tick-borne pathogens, larger scale and cross-species studies are important to fully grasp their epidemiological impact and risks to both animal and public health.

Cite This Article

APA
Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Ulucesme MC, Aytmirzakizi A, Aktas M. (2024). Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1359974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 1359974
PII: 1359974

Researcher Affiliations

Altay, Kursat
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye.
Erol, Ufuk
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye.
Sahin, Omer Faruk
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye.
Ulucesme, Mehmet Can
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye.
Aytmirzakizi, Ayperi
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Aktas, Munir
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

References

This article includes 80 references
  1. Inci A, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Doganay M, Aksoy S. Tick-borne diseases in Turkey: a review based on one health perspective.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016) 10:e0005021.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005021pmc: PMC5158090pubmed: 27977689google scholar: lookup
  2. Scoles GA, Ueti MW. Vector ecology of equine piroplasmosis.. Annu Rev Entomol (2015) 60:561–80.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021110pubmed: 25564746google scholar: lookup
  3. Korbutiak E, Schneiders D. Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the UK.. Vet Rec (1994) 135:387–8.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.135.16.387pubmed: 7831748google scholar: lookup
  4. Fard RMN, Vahedi SM, Mohammadkhan F. Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas): a review.. Int J Adv Bio Biomed Res (2014) 2:1484–503.
  5. Knowles DP, Kappmeyer LS, Haney D, Herndon DR, Fry LM, Munro JB. Discovery of a novel species, n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus : implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance.. Int J Parasitol (2018) 48:679–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010pubmed: 29885436google scholar: lookup
  6. Tamzali Y. Equine piroplasmosis: an updated review.. Equine Vet Educ (2013) 25:590–8.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12070google scholar: lookup
  7. Allsopp MTEP, Lewis BD, Penzhorn BL. Molecular evidence for transplacental transmission of from carrier mares to their apparently healthy foals.. Vet Parasitol (2007) 148:130–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.017pubmed: 17601669google scholar: lookup
  8. Wise LN, Kappmeyer LS, Mealey RH, Knowles DP. Review of equine piroplasmosis.. J Vet Intern Med (2013) 27:1334–46.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12168pubmed: 24033559google scholar: lookup
  9. Rothschild CM. Equine piroplasmosis.. J Equine Vet (2013) 33:497–508.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.189google scholar: lookup
  10. Karshima SN, Ahmed MI, Kogi CE, Iliya PS. infection rates in questing and host-attached ticks: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.. Acta Trop (2022) 228:106299.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106299pubmed: 34998998google scholar: lookup
  11. Pusterla N, Huder JB, Feige K, Lutz H. Identification of a eranulocytic strain isolated from a horse in Switzerland and comparison with other of the genogroup.. J Clin Microbiol (1998) 36:2035–7.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.7.2035-2037.1998pmc: PMC104973pubmed: 9650957google scholar: lookup
  12. Woldehiwet Z. The natural history of .. Vet Parasitol (2010) 167:108–22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.013pubmed: 19811878google scholar: lookup
  13. Liu Z, Ma M, Wang Z, Wang J, Peng Y, Li Y. Molecular survey and genetic identification of species in goats from central and southern China.. Appl Environ Microbiol (2012) 78:464–70.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.06848-11pmc: PMC3255723pubmed: 22057867google scholar: lookup
  14. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF. The first molecular detection of pra in domestic ruminants in the central part of Turkey, with genetic diversity and genotyping of .. Trop Anim Health Prod (2022) 54:129–8.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03125-7pubmed: 35257219google scholar: lookup
  15. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Aytmirzakizi A. First molecular detection of species in cattle from Kyrgyzstan; molecular identification of human pathogenic novel genotype and related strain.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2022) 13:101861.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101861pubmed: 34773849google scholar: lookup
  16. Barradas PF, Mesquita JR, Ferreira P, Gartner F, Carvalho M, Inacio E. Molecular identification and characterization of spp. and other tick-borne pathogens in cattle and their ticks from Huambo, Angola.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2021) 12:101583.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101583pubmed: 33160189google scholar: lookup
  17. Jouglin M, Blanc B, de la Cotte N, Bastian S, Ortiz K, Malandrin L. First detection and molecular identification of the zoonotic in deer in France.. PLoS One (2019) 14:e0219184.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219184pmc: PMC6611577pubmed: 31276519google scholar: lookup
  18. Remesar S, Prieto A, Garcia-Dios D, Lopez-Lorenzo G, Martinez-Calabuig N, Diaz-Cao JM. Diversity of species and importance of mixed infections in roe deer from Spain.. Transbound Emerg Dis (2022) 69:e374–85.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14319pubmed: 34529897google scholar: lookup
  19. Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, Liu J, Han R, Liu G. Molecular survey and characterization of a novel species closely related to in ticks, northwestern China.. Parasit Vectors (2016) 9:603–5.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1886-6pmc: PMC5123347pubmed: 27884197google scholar: lookup
  20. Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, Jia N, Jiang BG, Jiang RR. Human infection with a novel tick-borne species in China: a surveillance study.. Lancet Infect Dis (2015) 15:663–70.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70051-4pubmed: 25833289google scholar: lookup
  21. Peng Y, Wang K, Zhao S, Yan Y, Wang H. Jing J, et alp detection and phylogenetic characterization of : an emerging pathogen in sheep and goats in China.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol (2018) 8:283.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00283pmc: PMC6126426pubmed: 30214896google scholar: lookup
  22. Sahin OF, Erol U, Altay K. Buffaloes as new hosts for : molecular prevalence and phylogeny based on , and genes.. Res Vet Sci (2022) 152:458–64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.008pubmed: 36148715google scholar: lookup
  23. Shi K, Li J, Yan Y, Chen Q, Wang K, Zhou Y. Dogs as new hosts for the emerging zoonotic pathogen in China.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol (2019) 9:394.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00394pmc: PMC6901931pubmed: 31850236google scholar: lookup
  24. Staji H, Yousefi M, Hamedani MA, Tamai IA, Khaligh SG. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic of in Persian onagers ().. Vet Microbiol (2021) 261:109199.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109199pubmed: 34385006google scholar: lookup
  25. Yang J, Li Y, Liu Z, Liu J, Niu Q, Ren Q. Molecular detection and characterization of spp. in sheep and cattle from Xinjiang, Northwest China.. Parasit Vectors (2015) 8:108.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0727-3pmc: PMC4344993pubmed: 25889906google scholar: lookup
  26. Matwari HF, Ahmed JA, Saad KM. Hemomycoplasmosis (Eperythrozoonosis) in domestic animals (a review).. Iosr-Javs (2022) 15:14–9.
    doi: 10.9790/2380-1507011419google scholar: lookup
  27. Dieckmann SM, Winkler M, Groebel K, Dieckmann MP, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hoelzle K. Haemotrophic infection in horses.. Vet Microbiol (2010) 145:351–3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.009pubmed: 20452151google scholar: lookup
  28. Kalantari M, Sharifiyazdi H, Ghane M, Nazifi S. The occurrence of hemotropic -like species in horses.. Prev Vet Med (2020) 175:104877.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104877pubmed: 31896506google scholar: lookup
  29. Happi AN, Oluniyi PE. A rare case of equine Haemotropic infection in Nigeria.. Niger Vet J (2020) 41:274–86.
    doi: 10.4314/nvj.v41i3.8google scholar: lookup
  30. Kakimori MTA, Barros LD, Collere FCM, Ferrari LDR, Matos A, Lucas JI. First molecular detection of in horses from Brazil.. Acta Trop (2023) 237:106697.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106697pubmed: 36162457google scholar: lookup
  31. Altay K, Aydın MF, Aytmirzakizi A, Jumakanova Z, Cunusova A, Dumanlı N. First molecular evidence for and Mycoplasma haematoparvum in asymptomatic shelter dogs in Kyrgyzstan.. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg (2020) 26:143–6.
    doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2019.22196google scholar: lookup
  32. Altay K, Sahin OF, Erol U, Aytmirzakizi A. First molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of and Mycoplasma haemobos in cattle in different parts of Kyrgyzstan.. Biologia (2023) 78:633–40.
    doi: 10.1007/s11756-022-01292-4google scholar: lookup
  33. Altay K, Erol U, OF S, Aydin MF, Aytmirzakizi A, Dumanli N. First molecular evidence of ulpes, and in dogs from Kyrgyzstan.. Pathogens (2023) 12:1046.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081046pmc: PMC10460036pubmed: 37624006google scholar: lookup
  34. Aktas M, Kisadere I, Ozubek S, Cihan H, Salıkov R, Cirak VY. First molecular survey of piroplasm species in cattle from Kyrgyzstan.. Parasitol Res (2019) 118:2431–5.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06370-2pubmed: 31243541google scholar: lookup
  35. Ozubek S, Ulucesme MC, Cirak VY, Aktas M. Detection of genotypes from cattle in Kyrgyzstan.. Pathogens (2022) 11:1185.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101185pmc: PMC9606894pubmed: 36297242google scholar: lookup
  36. Altay K, Erol U, OF S, Aytmirzakizi A, Temizel EM, Aydin MF. The detection and phylogenetic analysis of -like 1, and in sheep: divides into two genogroups.. Vet Res Commun (2022) 46:1271–9.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-022-09998-1pubmed: 36167934google scholar: lookup
  37. Frenken K. Irrigation in Central Asia in figures: AQUASTAT Survey-2012.. FAO Water Reports Roma: (2013).
  38. Oosthuizen MC, Zweygarth E, Collins NE, Troskie M, Penzhorn BL. Identification of a novel sp. from a sable antelope ( Harris, 1838).. J Clin Microbiol (2008) 46:2247–51.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00167-08pmc: PMC2446884pubmed: 18508943google scholar: lookup
  39. Casati S, Sager H, Gern L, Piffaretti JC. Presence of potentially pathogenic sp. for human in in Switzerland.. Ann Agric Environ Med (2006) 13:65–70.
    pubmed: 16841874
  40. Jensen WA, Lappin MR, Kamkar S, Reagan WJ. Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and differentiate two strains of in naturally infected cats.. Am J Vet Res (2001) 62:604–8.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.604pubmed: 11327472google scholar: lookup
  41. Kawahara M, Rikihisa Y, Lin Q, Isogai E, Tahara K, Itagaki A. Novel genetic variants of , , , and a novel sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in Japan.. Appl Environ Microbiol (2006) 72:1102–9.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1102-1109.2006pmc: PMC1392898pubmed: 16461655google scholar: lookup
  42. Sahin OF, Erol U, Duzlu O, Altay K. Molecular survey of and related variants in water buffaloes: the first detection of -like 1.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis (2023) 98:102004.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102004pubmed: 37356166google scholar: lookup
  43. Erol U, Sahin OF, Altay K. Molecular prevalence of bovine hemoplasmosis in Turkey with first detection of and Candidatus in cattle and water buffalo.. Vet Res Commun (2023) 47:207–15.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-022-09943-2pubmed: 35624402google scholar: lookup
  44. Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11.. Mol Biol Evol (2021) 38:3022–7.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab120pmc: PMC8233496pubmed: 33892491google scholar: lookup
  45. Tamura K, Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees.. Mol Biol Evol (1993) 10:512–26.
    doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023pubmed: 8336541google scholar: lookup
  46. Camino E, Cruz-Lopez F, de Juan L, Dominguez L, Shiels B, Coultous RM. Phylogenetic analysis and geographical distribution of and sequences from horses residing in Spain.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2020) 11:101521.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101521pubmed: 32993941google scholar: lookup
  47. Diaz-Sanchez AA, Pires MS, Estrada CY, Canizares EV, del Castillo Dominguez SL, Cabezas-Cruz A. First molecular evidence of and infections in horses in Cuba.. Parasitol Res (2018) 117:3109–18.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6005-5pubmed: 30033488google scholar: lookup
  48. Idoko IS, Levy ST, Mazuz ML, Adam BM, Garba BS, Nafarnda DW. Genetic characterization of piroplasms in donkeys and horses from Nigeria.. Animals (2020) 10:324.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020324pmc: PMC7070495pubmed: 32085574google scholar: lookup
  49. Ozubek S, Aktas M. Genetic diversity and prevalence of piroplasm species in equids from Turkey.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis (2018) 59:47–51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.005pubmed: 30290887google scholar: lookup
  50. Wu J, Cui Y, Yu F, Muhatai G, Tao D, Zhao A. Prevalence and genetic characterization of and in grazing horses in Xinjiang, northwestern China.. Parasitol Res (2023) 122:387–94.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07749-4pubmed: 36504396google scholar: lookup
  51. Peckle M, Pires MS, da Silva CB, da Costa RL, Vitari GLV, Senra MVX. Molecular characterization of in horses from the state of Rio de Janeiro. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2018) 9:349–53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.11.011pubmed: 29223587google scholar: lookup
  52. Qablan MA, Obornik M, Petrzelkova KJ, Sloboda M, Shudiefat MF, Horin P. Infections by and in Jordanian equids: epidemiology and genetic diversity. Parasitology (2013) 140:1096–103.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182013000486pubmed: 23673249google scholar: lookup
  53. Wang J, Liu J, Yang J, Wang X, Li Z, Jianlin X. The first molecular detection and genetic diversity of and in horses of Gansu province, China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2019) 10:528–32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.003pubmed: 30670354google scholar: lookup
  54. Nicolaiewsky TB, Richter MF, Lunge VR, Cunha CW, Delagostin O, Ikuta N. Detection of (Laveran, 1901) by nested polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol (2001) 101:9–21.
    doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00471-xpubmed: 11587829google scholar: lookup
  55. Allsopp MTEP, Allsopp BA. Molecular sequence evidence for the reclassification of some species. Ann N Y Acad Sci (2006) 1081:509–17.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1373.076pubmed: 17135560google scholar: lookup
  56. Hall CM, Busch JD, Scoles GA, Palma-Cagle KA, Ueti MW, Kappmeyer LS. Genetic characterization of infecting horses in North America: evidence for a limited source of US introductions. Parasit Vectors (2013) 6:1–12.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-35pmc: PMC3606381pubmed: 23399005google scholar: lookup
  57. Criado-Fornelio A, Martinez-Marcos A, Buling-Sarana A, Barba-Carretero JC. Molecular studies on and in southern Europe part I. Epizootiological aspects. Vet Parasitol (2003) 113:189–201.
    doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00078-5pubmed: 12719133google scholar: lookup
  58. Nagore D, Garcia-Sanmartin J, Garcia-Perez AL, Juste RA, Hurtado A. Detection and identification of equine and species by reverse line blotting: epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis. Vet Parasitol (2004) 123:41–54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.010pubmed: 15265570google scholar: lookup
  59. Bhoora R, Franssen L, Oosthuizen MC, Guthrie AJ, Zweygarth E, Penzhorn BL. Sequence heterogeneity in the gene within and from horses in South Africa. Vet Parasitol (2009) 159:112–20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.004pubmed: 19019541google scholar: lookup
  60. Salim B, Bakheit MA, Kamau J, Nakamura I, Sugimoto C. Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene within from horses in Sudan. Parasitol Res (2010) 106:493–8.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-009-1691-7pubmed: 19953269google scholar: lookup
  61. Qablan MA, Sloboda M, Jirku M, Obornik M, Dwairi S, Amr ZS. Quest for the piroplasms in camels: identification of and in Jordanian dromedaries by PCR. Vet Parasitol (2012) 186:456–60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.070pubmed: 22186193google scholar: lookup
  62. Liu Q, Meli ML, Zhang Y, Meili T, Stirn M, Riond B. Sequence heterogeneity in the gene in from horses presented in Switzerland. Vet Parasitol (2016) 221:24–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.003pubmed: 27084467google scholar: lookup
  63. Guven E, Avcioglu H, Ahmet D, Balkaya I, Abay U, Yavuz S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of and in jereed horses in Erzurum, Turkey. Acta Trop (2017) 62:207–13.
    doi: 10.1515/ap-2017-0025pubmed: 28030350google scholar: lookup
  64. Montes Cortes MG, Fernandez-Garcia JL, Martinez-Estellez MAH. Seroprevalence of and in horses in Spain. Parasite (2017) 24:14.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017015pmc: PMC5432961pubmed: 28497743google scholar: lookup
  65. Coultous RM, McDonald M, Raftery AG, Shiels BR, Sutton DGM, Weir W. Analysis of diversity in the Gambia using a novel genotyping method. Transbound Emerg Dis (2020) 67:1213–21.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13454pubmed: 31845493google scholar: lookup
  66. Bartolomé del Pino LE, Nardini R, Veneziano V, Iacoponi F, Cersini A, Autorino GL. and infections in horses in central-southern Italy: Sero-molecular survey and associated risk factors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis (2016) 7:462–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.01.011pubmed: 26847198google scholar: lookup
  67. De Waal DT. Equine piroplasmosis: a review. Br Vet J (1992) 148:6–14.
    doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5pubmed: 1551016google scholar: lookup
  68. Ruegg SR, Heinzmann D, Barbour AD, Torgerson PR. Estimation of the transmission dynamics of and in horses. Parasitology (2008) 135:555–65.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182008004204pubmed: 18302805google scholar: lookup
  69. Kizilarslan F, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Inci A, Onder Z, Ciloglu A. Molecular detection and characterization of and in horses () in Turkey. J Equine Vet (2015) 35:830–5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.002google scholar: lookup
  70. Moretti A, Mangili V, Salvatori R, Maresca C, Scoccia E, Torina A. Prevalence and diagnosis of and infections in horses in Italy: a preliminary study. Vet J (2010) 184:346–50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.021pubmed: 19394253google scholar: lookup
  71. Sevinc F, Maden M, Kumas C, Sevnic M, Ekici OC. A comparative study on the prevalence of and infections in horse sub-populations in Turkey. Vet Parasitol (2008) 156:173–7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.006pubmed: 18672330google scholar: lookup
  72. Mujica FF, Perrone T, Forlano M, Coronado A, Melendez RD, Barrios N. Serological prevalence of and in horses of Lara state, Venezuela. Vet Parasitol (2011) 178:180–3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.036pubmed: 21273001google scholar: lookup
  73. Santos TM, Roier EC, Santos HA, Pires MS, Vilela JA, Moraes LM. Factors associated to in equids of two microregions from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet (2011) 20:235–41.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000300011pubmed: 21961755google scholar: lookup
  74. Alberti A, Zobba R, Chessa B, Addis MF, Sparagano O, Parpaglia MLP. Equine and canine strains isolated on the island of Sardinia (Italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the United States. Appl Env Microbiol (2005) 71:6418–22.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.10.6418-6422.2005pmc: PMC1265917pubmed: 16204571google scholar: lookup
  75. Schafer I, Silaghi C, Fischer S, Marsboom C, Hendrickx G, Gehlen H. Detection of in horses from Germany by molecular and serological testing (2008–2021). Vet Parasitol (2022) 312:109840.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109840pubmed: 36436292google scholar: lookup
  76. Mghirby Y, Yaich H, Ghorbel A, Bouattour A. in horses and ticks in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors (2012) 5:180.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-180pmc: PMC3453519pubmed: 22935132google scholar: lookup
  77. Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Coppola G, Marenzoni ML. in horses and ticks: a preliminary survey of Central Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis (2010) 33:73–83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.08.002pubmed: 18805584google scholar: lookup
  78. Valentea JDM, Mongruela ACB, Machadoa CAL, Chiyob L, Leandrob AS, Brittob AS. Tick-borne pathogens in carthorses from Foz Do Iguaçu City, Paraná state, southern Brazil: a tri-border area of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Vet Parasitol (2019) 273:71–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.008pubmed: 31446256google scholar: lookup
  79. Vieira TSWJ, Vidotto O, Guimaraes AMS, Santos AP, Nascimento NC, Finger MAP. Use of pan-hemoplasma PCR for screening horses highly exposed to tick bites from southern Brazil. Semin Ciencias Agrarias (2015) 36:291–4.
    doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n1p291google scholar: lookup
  80. Vieira RFC, Vidotto O, Vieira TSWJ, Guimaraes AMS, Santos AP, Nascimento NC. Molecular investigation of hemotropic mycoplasmas in human beings, dogs and horses in a rural settlement in southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo (2015) 57:353–7.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652015000400014pmc: PMC4616923pubmed: 26422162google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Sakar HF. Application of LAMP and TaqMan qPCR for the rapid diagnosis of Anaplasma Capra (an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen) and comparison with Nested-PCR.. Vet Res Commun 2026 Feb 9;50(2):153.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-026-11074-xpubmed: 41661390google scholar: lookup
  2. Konstantinović N, Gotić J, Baban M, Csik G, Listeš E, Gagović E, Jurković Žilić D, Arežina I, Šubara G, Čulina FE, Delić N, Višal D, Zvonar Z, Beck R, Kostelić A. Absence of Host-Specific Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in Horses and Donkeys from Croatia: First Systematic Survey in Southeastern Europe.. Animals (Basel) 2026 Jan 15;16(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani16020263pubmed: 41594454google scholar: lookup
  3. Soliman AM, Elhawary NM, Helmy NM, El-Seify MA, Amer MM, Mohamed S, Memon FU, Rashid MHO, Gadelhaq SM. Molecular detection and genotyping of Theileria equi infection within the equine population in Giza, Egypt, using real-time PCR as compared with conventional detection methods.. Iran J Vet Res 2025;26(2):145-151.
    doi: 10.22099/ijvr.2025.51028.7553pubmed: 41170307google scholar: lookup
  4. Oh S, Amvongo-Adjia N, Kim HJ, Choi JH, Chavarria X, Yi MH, Shatta A, Aknazarov B, Kim JY, Ju JW. Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding.. PLoS One 2025;20(8):e0327953.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327953pubmed: 40763172google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,030 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.