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Parasites & vectors2019; 12(1); 188; doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4

Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia.

Abstract: Equine gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have been the subject of intermittent studies in Australia over the past few decades. However, comprehensive information on the epidemiology of equine GINs, the efficacy of available anthelmintic drugs and the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Australasia is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed existing knowledge on the horse GINs recorded in Australia, and main aspects of their pathogeneses, epidemiology, diagnoses, treatment and control. Methods: Six electronic databases were searched for publications on GINs of Australian horses that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to review epidemiology, diagnoses, pathogeneses, treatment and control of GINs of horses from Australia. Results: A total of 51 articles published between 1950 to 2018 were included. The main GINs reported in Australian horses were cyathostomins (at least 28 species), Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae, H. majus, Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri and Trichostrongylus axei across different climatic regions of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia. Nematodes are diagnosed based on the traditional McMaster egg counting technique, though molecular markers to characterise common GINs of equines were characterised in 1990s. The use of anthelmintic drugs remains the most widely-used strategy for controlling equine GIN parasites in Australia; however, the threshold of faecal egg count that should trigger treatment in horses, remains controversial. Furthermore, anthelmintic resistance within GIN population of horses is becoming a common problem in Australia. Conclusions: Although GINs infecting Australian horses have been the subject of occasional studies over the past few decades, the effective control of GIN infections is hampered by a generalised lack of knowledge in various disciplines of equine parasitology. Therefore, coordinated and focused research is required to fill our knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise equine health and minimise economic losses associated with the parasitic infections in Australia.
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Publication Date: 2019-04-29 PubMed ID: 31036059PubMed Central: PMC6489199DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Systematic Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents a comprehensive review of past studies conducted on gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in horses in Australia. The review highlights knowledge gaps in understanding these parasites, their prevalence, associated treatments, and the effectiveness of these treatments, thus pointing to a need for more focused research in these areas.

Equine Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Australia

  • The study reviewed existing knowledge on equine GINs in Australia, including aspects of their pathogeneses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control.
  • The authors examined six electronic databases for publications relevant to GINs in Australian horses.
  • A total of 51 articles published between 1950 to 2018 were included in the review.

Prevalence and Diagnosis of GINs

  • The main GINs reported in Australian horses are cyathostomins, Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae, H. majus, Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri, and Trichostrongylus axei.
  • These parasites are found across different climatic regions of Australia, including Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia.
  • Diagnosis of nematodes generally relies on the traditional McMaster egg counting technique.
  • Molecular markers to characterise common equine GINs were developed in the 1990s.

Treatment and Control

  • Anthelmintic drugs are the most common treatment for controlling equine GINs in Australia.
  • However, consensus on the threshold of faecal egg count to trigger treatment remains a point of controversy.
  • Resistance to anthelmintic drugs among equine GIN populations is becoming increasingly common in Australia.

Conclusion and Further Research Needs

  • While occasional studies have been conducted on GINs in Australian horses over the past few decades, effective control of these parasites is hampered by a lack of knowledge in various disciplines of equine parasitology.
  • The authors call for more coordinated and focused research to fill these knowledge gaps and help maintain equine health, as well as minimise economic losses related to GIN infections amongst the horse population in Australia.

Cite This Article

APA
Saeed MA, Beveridge I, Abbas G, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes E, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, El-Hage C, O'Handley R, Hurley J, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Walter L, Tennent-Brown B, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. (2019). Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia. Parasit Vectors, 12(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 188
PII: 188

Researcher Affiliations

Saeed, Muhammad A
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Beveridge, Ian
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Abbas, Ghazanfar
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Beasley, Anne
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.
Bauquier, Jenni
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Wilkes, Edwina
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
Jacobson, Caroline
  • School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
Hughes, Kris J
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
El-Hage, Charles
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
O'Handley, Ryan
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
Hurley, John
  • Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, VIC, Australia.
Cudmore, Lucy
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia.
Carrigan, Peter
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia.
Walter, Lisa
  • Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Tennent-Brown, Brett
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Jabbar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia. jabbara@unimelb.edu.au.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Gastrointestinal Tract / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Nematoda / classification
  • Nematoda / isolation & purification
  • Nematode Infections / epidemiology
  • Nematode Infections / veterinary
  • New South Wales / epidemiology
  • Parasite Egg Count
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal / diagnosis
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal / epidemiology
  • Queensland / epidemiology
  • Victoria / epidemiology
  • Western Australia / epidemiology

Grant Funding

  • PRJ-011191 / Agrifutures Australia

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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