FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance2022; 21; 28-39; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002

Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited.

Abstract: Cyathostomins are the most common and highly prevalent parasites of horses worldwide. Historically, the control of cyathostomins has mainly relied on the routine use of anthelmintic products. Increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cyathostomins are concerning. A potential method proposed for detecting emerging AR in cyathostomins has been estimating the egg reappearance period (ERP). This paper reviews the data available for the ERP of cyathostomins against the three major classes of anthelmintics, macrocyclic lactones, tetrahydropyrimidines, and benzimidazoles. Published peer-reviewed original research articles were obtained from three databases (PubMed, CAB Direct and Web of Science) and were evaluated for their inclusion in a systematic review. Subsets of articles were then subjected to a review of ERP data. A total of 54 (of 134) studies published between 1972 and 2022 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Until the beginning of 2022, there was no agreed definition of the ERP; eight definitions of ERP were identified in the literature, complicating the comparison between studies. Additionally, potential risk factors for the shortening of the ERP, including previous anthelmintic use and climate, were frequently not described. Reports of shortened ERP for moxidectin and ivermectin are frequent: 20 studies that used comparable ERP definitions reported shortened moxidectin and ivermectin ERPs of 35 and 28 days, respectively. It is unclear whether the ERPs of these anthelmintics reduced to such levels are due to the development of AR or some biological factors related to horses, cyathostomin species, and/or the environment. The ERPs for other anthelmintics, such as fenbendazole and pyrantel, were frequently not reported due to established resistance against these drugs. Future research in horses is required to understand the mechanism(s) behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins. Based on this systematic review, we propose recommendations for future ERP studies.
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-12-13 PubMed ID: 36543048PubMed Central: PMC10105024DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Researchers reviewed data on cyathostomins, parasites affecting horses, to understand resistance to anthelmintic medication, estimated through egg reappearance period (ERP). They found variable definitions of ERP and recurring reports of shortened ERP for certain medications, necessitating further investigation to unpack the reasons behind it.

Overview of Cyathostomins and Anthelmintic Resistance

  • Cyathostomins are parasitic organisms that commonly infest horses. These parasites often see the use of anthelmintic drugs for their control.
  • However, there have been increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) among these parasites, making it crucial to investigate ways of detecting emerging AR.
  • One of the methods proposed for this is the estimation of the egg reappearance period (ERP), the time it takes for cyathostomin eggs to reappear in the feces of horses after anthelmintic treatment.

The Systematic Review on ERP

  • The researchers reviewed existing literature on ERP of cyathostomins against major classes of anthelmintic drugs, sourced from PubMed, CAB Direct, and Web of Science.
  • Out of 134 studies, they included 54 in a systematic review that gave ERP data.
  • The researchers highlighted an absence of a universally agreed upon definition of ERP till 2022, which complicated the comparison of data across different studies.

Findings on ERP and Anthelmintics

  • ERP was frequently shortened for drugs like moxidectin and ivermectin, with a reported ERP of 35 and 28 days respectively.
  • It is unclear if shortened ERP for these anthelmintics is a consequence of the evolution of AR or it has to do with some biological factors linked to the horses, cyathostomin species, or environment.
  • The ERP for other anthelmintics such as fenbendazole and pyrantel was often not reported due to established resistance against these drugs.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The study emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the reasons behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins.
  • Basing on the systematic review, the researchers propose guidelines for future ERP studies to ensure a systematic definition of ERP and consider the impact of factors like previous anthelmintic use and climate on ERP.

Cite This Article

APA
Macdonald SL, Abbas G, Ghafar A, Gauci CG, Bauquier J, El-Hage C, Tennent-Brown B, Wilkes EJA, Beasley A, Jacobson C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Hughes KJ, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. (2022). Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 21, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002

Publication

International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance
ISSN: 2211-3207
NlmUniqueID: 101576715
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 21
Pages: 28-39

Researcher Affiliations

Macdonald, Stephanie L
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Abbas, Ghazanfar
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Ghafar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Gauci, Charles G
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Bauquier, Jenni
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
El-Hage, Charles
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Tennent-Brown, Brett
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Wilkes, Edwina J A
  • Racing Victoria, Flemington, Victoria, Australia.
Beasley, Anne
  • School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
Jacobson, Caroline
  • Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
Cudmore, Lucy
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia.
Carrigan, Peter
  • Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia.
Hurley, John
  • Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria, Australia.
Beveridge, Ian
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Hughes, Kristopher J
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Jabbar, Abdul
  • Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: jabbara@unimelb.edu.au.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Ivermectin / therapeutic use
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Drug Resistance
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • Feces / parasitology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors are members of the Australian Equine Parasitology Advisory Panel supported by AgriFutures Australia and Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

This article includes 89 references
  1. Abbas G, Ghafar A, Hurley J, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes E.J.A., Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Gauci C.G., Nielsen M.K, Hughes K.J, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses.. Parasites Vectors 2021;14:597.
    pmc: PMC8645149pubmed: 34863271
  2. Anonymous . 2022. Equest®plustape, Overview.https://www.zoetis.com.au/product-class/parasiticide-products/equest-plus-tape.aspx
  3. Baranova M.V., Panova O.A., Polukhina D.N., Panova D.S.. Reduction of the nematode egg reappearance period in horses after anthelmintic therapy.. Vet. World 2022;15:1530–1534.
    pmc: PMC9375206pubmed: 35993067
  4. Beasley A.M., Kotze A.C., Allen K, Coleman G.T.. A survey of macrocyclic lactone efficacy in Australian cyathostomin populations.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2017;8:127–132.
    pubmed: 31014629
  5. Bellaw J.L., Krebs K, Reinemeyer C.R., Norris J.K., Scare J.A., Pagano S., Nielsen M.K.. Anthelmintic therapy of equine cyathostomin nematodes - larvicidal efficacy, egg reappearance period, and drug resistance.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2018;48:97–105.
    pubmed: 29050919
  6. Bellaw J.L., Nielsen M.K.. Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975–2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method.. Parasites Vectors 2020;13:509.
    pmc: PMC7552500pubmed: 33046130
  7. Boersema J.H., Borgsteede F.H.M., Eysker M., Saedt I.. The reappearance of strongyle eggs in faeces of horses treated with pyrantel embonate.. Vet. Q. 1995;17:18–20.
    pubmed: 7610552
  8. Boersema J.H., Eysker M., Maas J., Aar W.M.v.d.. Comparison of the reappearance of strongyle eggs in foals, yearlings, and adult horses after treatment with ivermectin or pyrantel.. Vet. Q. 1996;18:7–9.
    pubmed: 8833604
  9. Borgsteede F.H.M., Boersema J.H., Gaasenbeek C.P.H., van der Burg W.P.J.. The reappearance of eggs in faeces of horses after treatment with ivermectin.. Vet. Q. 1993;15:24–26.
    pubmed: 8498011
  10. Butler A.J., Greenbank H., Parrish R., Nielsen M.K., Stoughton W.B.. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomins in prince edward island, Canada.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2021;26.
    pubmed: 34879940
  11. Cain J.L., Foulk D., Jedrzejewski E., Stofanak H., Nielsen M.K.. The importance of anthelmintic efficacy monitoring: results of an outreach effort.. Parasitol. Res. 2019;118:2877–2883.
    pubmed: 31422463
  12. Cırak V.Y., Güleğen E., Yıldırım F., Durmaz M.. A field study on the efficacy of doramectin against strongyles and its egg reappearance period in horses.. Deut. tierarztl. Wschr. 2007;114:64–66.
    pubmed: 17341022
  13. Cobb R., Boeckh A.. Moxidectin: a review of chemistry, pharmacokinetics and use in horses.. Parasites Vectors 2009;2:S5.
    pmc: PMC2751841pubmed: 19778466
  14. Coles G.C., Bauer C., Borgsteede F.H.M., Geerts S., Klei T.R., Taylor M.A., Waller P.J.. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance.. Vet. Parasitol. 1992;44:35–44.
    pubmed: 1441190
  15. Conder G.A., Thompson D.P., Johnson S.S.. Demonstration of co-resistance of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin and moxidectin.. Vet. Rec. 1993;132:651–652.
    pubmed: 8362470
  16. Cullinane A.A., Barr B., Bernard W., Duncan J.L., Mulcahy G., Smith I.M., Timoney J.F.. In: The Equine Manual. second ed. Higgins A.J., Snyder J.R., editors. W.B. Saunders; Edinburgh: 2006. Chapter 1 - infectious diseases; pp. 1–111.. .
  17. Daniels S.P., Proudman C.J.. Shortened egg reappearance after ivermectin or moxidectin use in horses in the UK.. Vet. J. 2016;218:36–39.
    pubmed: 27938707
  18. Demeulenaere D., Vercruysse J., Dorny P., Claerebout E.. Comparative studies of ivermectin and moxidectin in the control of naturally acquired cyathostome infections in horses.. Vet. Rec. 1997;141:383–386.
    pubmed: 9364706
  19. DiPietro J.A., Hutchens D.E., Lock T.F., Walker K., Paul A.J., Shipley C., Rulli D.. Clinical trial of moxidectin oral gel in horses.. Vet. Parasitol. 1997;72:167–177.
    pubmed: 9404843
  20. Duncan J.L., Bairden K., Abbott E.M.. Elimination of mucosal cyathostome larvae by five daily treatments with fenbendazole.. Vet. Rec. 1998;142:268–271.
    pubmed: 9569480
  21. Eysker M., Bakker J., Berg M.V.D., van Doorn D.C.K., Ploeger H.W.. The use of age-clustered pooled faecal samples for monitoring worm control in horses.. Vet. Parasitol. 2008;151:249–255.
    pubmed: 18037244
  22. Fischer J.K., Hinney B., Denwood M.J., Traversa D., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Clausen P.H.. Efficacy of selected anthelmintic drugs against cyathostomins in horses in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany.. Parasitol. Res. 2015;114:4441–4450.
    pubmed: 26337266
  23. Flores A.G., Osmari V., Ramos F., Marques C.B., Ramos D.J., Botton A.S., Vogel F.S.F., Sangioni L.A.. Multiple resistance in equine cyathostomins: a case study from military establishments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol. 2020;29.
    pubmed: 33027421
  24. Francisco R., Paz-Silva A., Francisco I., Javier Cortiñas F., Miguélez S., Suárez J., Cazapal-Monteiro C.F., Suárez J.L., Arias M.S., Sánchez-Andrade R.. Preliminary analysis of the results of selective therapy against strongyles in pasturing horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:274–280.
  25. Geurden T., van Doorn D., Claerebout E., Kooyman F., De Keersmaecker S., Vercruysse J., Besognet B., Vanimisetti B., di Regalbono A.F., Beraldo P., Di Cesare A., Traversa D.. Decreased strongyle egg re-appearance period after treatment with ivermectin and moxidectin in horses in Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands.. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;204:291–296.
    pubmed: 24880643
  26. Herd R., Gabel A.J.. Reduced efficacy of anthelmintics in young compared with adult horses.. Equine Vet. J. 1990;22:164–169.
    pubmed: 2361501
  27. Higgins J.P., Thomas J., Chandler J., Cumpston M., Li T., Page M.J., Welch V.A.. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.. .
    pmc: PMC10284251pubmed: 31643080
  28. Holm-Martin M., Levot G., Dawson K.. Control of endoparasites in horses with a gel containing moxidectin and praziquantel.. Vet. Rec. 2005;156:835–838.
    pubmed: 15980136
  29. Jackson F., Coop R.J.P.. The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes.. Parasitology 2000;120:95–107.
    pubmed: 10874713
  30. Johnson A.C.B., Biddle A.S.. The use of molecular profiling to track equine reinfection rates of cyathostomin species following anthelmintic administration.. Animals 2021;11:1345.
    pmc: PMC8150961pubmed: 34065099
  31. Kaplan R.M.. Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report.. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20:477–481.
    pubmed: 15363441
  32. Kaplan R.M., Klei T.R., Lyons E.T., Lester G., Courtney C.H., French D.D., Tolliver S.C., Vidyashankar A.N., Zhao Y.. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2004;225:903–910.
    pubmed: 15485051
  33. Kaplan R.M., Nielsen M.K.. An evidence-based approach to equine parasite control: it ain't the 60s anymore.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2010;22:306–316.
  34. Kooyman F., van Doorn D., Geurden T., Mughini-Gras L., Ploeger H.W., Wagenaar J.. Species composition of larvae cultured after anthelmintic treatment indicates reduced moxidectin susceptibility of immature Cylicocyclus species in horses.. Vet. Parasitol. 2016;227:77–84.
    pubmed: 27523942
  35. Larsen M.L., Ritz C., Petersen S.L., Nielsen M.K.. Determination of ivermectin efficacy against cyathostomins and Parascaris equorum on horse farms using selective therapy.. Vet. J. 2011;188:44–47.
    pubmed: 20385508
  36. Lichtenfels J.R., Kharchenko V.A., Dvojnos G.M.. Illustrated identification keys to strongylid parasites (Strongylidae: nematoda) of horses, zebras and asses (Equidae). Vet. Parasitol. 2008;156:4–161.
    pubmed: 18603375
  37. Lignon J.S., Gonçalves N.F., Cunha L.L., Antunes T.A., Leão M.S., Camassola J.L.T., Pellegrin T.G., Ripoll P.K., Pappen F.G., Pinto D.M.. Anthelmintic resistance in creole horses in the south of rio grande do sul, Brazil.. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2021;73:598–604.
  38. Lind E.O., Kuzmina T., Uggla A., Waller P.J., Höglund J.. A field study on the effect of some anthelmintics on cyathostomins of horses in Sweden.. Vet. Res. Commun. 2007;31:53–65.
    pubmed: 17186406
  39. Love S., Duncan J.L.. Development of cyathostome infection of helminth-naive foals.. Equine Vet. J. 1992;24:93–98.
  40. Love S., Murphy D., Mellor D.. Pathogenicity of cyathostome infection.. Vet. Parasitol. 1999;85:113–122.
    pubmed: 10485358
  41. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Collins S.S.. Study (1991 to 2001) of drug-resistant Population B small strongyles in critical tests in horses in Kentucky at the termination of a 40-year investigation.. Parasitol. Res. 2007;101:689–701.
    pubmed: 17468973
  42. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Collins S.S.. Probable reason why small strongyle EPG counts are returning “early” after ivermectin treatment of horses on a farm in Central Kentucky.. Parasitol. Res. 2009;104:569–574.
    pubmed: 18931857
  43. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C.. Further indication of lowered activity of ivermectin on immature small strongyles in the intestinal lumen of horses on a farm in Central Kentucky.. Parasitol. Res. 2013;112:889–891.
    pubmed: 22948206
  44. Martins N.S., Pinto D.M., da Cunha L.L., Lignon J.S., dos Santos T.C., Evaristo T.A., Pappen F.G., Nizoli L.Q.. Assessment of the efficacy of commercial anthelmintics in horses naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.. Med. Vet. UFRPE. 2021;15:28–32.
  45. Matthews J.B.. An update on cyathostomins: anthelmintic resistance and worm control.. Equine Vet. J. 2008;20:552–560.
    pubmed: 21790768
  46. Matthews J.B.. Facing the threat of equine parasitic disease.. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43:126–132.
    pubmed: 21592204
  47. Matthews J.B.. Anthelmintic resistance in equine nematodes.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2014;4:310–315.
    pmc: PMC4266799pubmed: 25516842
  48. McFarlane D., Hale G.H., Johnson E.M., Maxwell L.K.. Fecal egg counts after anthelmintic administration to aged horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2010;236:330–334.
    pubmed: 20113248
  49. Ménez C., Alberich M., Kansoh D., Blanchard A., Lespine A.. Acquired tolerance to ivermectin and moxidectin after drug selection pressure in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2016;60:4809–4819.
    pmc: PMC4958191pubmed: 27246778
  50. Mercier P., Chick B., Alves-Branco F., White C.R.. Comparative efficacy, persistent effect, and treatment intervals of anthelmintic pastes in naturally infected horses.. Vet. Parasitol. 2001;99:29–39.
    pubmed: 11445153
  51. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G., Group P.. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.. PLoS Med. 2009;6.
    pmc: PMC3090117pubmed: 21603045
  52. Molena R.A., Peachey L.E., Cesare A.D., Traversa D., Cantacessi C.. Cyathostomine egg reappearance period following ivermectin treatment in a cohort of UK Thoroughbreds.. Parasites Vectors 2018;11:61.
    pmc: PMC5785887pubmed: 29370872
  53. Monahan C.M., Chapman M.R., French D.D., Taylor H.W., Klei T.R.. Dose titration of moxidectin oral gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies.. Vet. Parasitol. 1995;59:241–248.
    pubmed: 8533282
  54. Monahan C.M., Chapman M.R., Taylor H.W., French D.D., Klei T.R.. Comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae.. Vet. Parasitol. 1996;63:225–235.
    pubmed: 8966989
  55. Morgan E.R., Hetzel N., Povah C., Coles G.C.. Prevalence and diagnosis of parasites of the stomach and small intestine in horses in south‐west England.. Vet. Rec. 2005;156:597–600.
    pubmed: 15879539
  56. Nielsen M.K.. Equine anthelmintic resistance: current status and emerging trends.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2022;20:76–88.
    pmc: PMC9630620pubmed: 36342004
  57. Nielsen M., Pfister K., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G.. Selective therapy in equine parasite control—application and limitations.. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;202:95–103.
    pubmed: 24702770
  58. Nielsen M.K., Banahan M., Kaplan R.M.. Importation of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostomins on a US Thoroughbred farm.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;14:99–104.
    pmc: PMC7548974pubmed: 33022574
  59. Nielsen M.K., Branan M.A., Wiedenheft A.M., Digianantonio R., Scare J.A., Bellaw J.L., Garber L.P., Kopral C.A., Phillippi-Taylor A.M., Traub-Dargatz J.L.. Anthelmintic efficacy against equine strongyles in the United States.. Vet. Parasitol. 2018;259:53–60.
    pubmed: 30056984
  60. Nielsen M.K., Kaplan R.M., Thamsborg S.M., Monrad J., Olsen S.N.. Climatic influences on development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles: implications for worm control strategies and managing anthelmintic resistance.. Vet. J. 2007;174:23–32.
    pubmed: 16815051
  61. Nielsen M.K., Littman B.A., Orzech S.W., Ripley N.E.. Equine strongylids: ivermectin efficacy and fecal egg shedding patterns.. Parasitol. Res. 2022;121:1691–1697.
    pubmed: 35384503
  62. Nielsen M.K., Mittel L., Grice A., Erskine M., Graves E., Vaala W., Tully R.C., French D.D., Bowman R., Kaplan R.M.. AAEP Parasite Control Guidelines.. .
  63. Nielsen M.K., Sauermann C.W., Leathwick D.M.. The effect of climate, season, and treatment intensity on anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins: a modelling exercise.. Vet. Parasitol. 2019;269:7–12.
    pubmed: 31079830
  64. Nielsen M.K., Steuer A.E., Anderson H.P., Gavriliuc S., Carpenter A.B., Redman E.M., Gilleard J.S., Reinemeyer C.R., Poissant J.. Shortened egg reappearance periods of equine cyathostomins following ivermectin or moxidectin treatment: morphological and molecular investigation of efficacy and species composition.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2022 (in press).
    pubmed: 36244428
  65. Nielsen M.K., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Kuzmina T.A., van Doorn D.C.K., Meana A., Rehbein S., Elliott T., Reinemeyer C.R.. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): third edition of guideline for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics.. Vet. Parasitol. 2022;303.
    pubmed: 35164972
  66. Parry J., Fisher M., Grimshaw W., Jacobs D.. Anthelmintic dosing intervals for horses: comparison of three chemical groups.. Vet. Rec. 1993;133:346–347.
    pubmed: 8236679
  67. Peregrine A.S., Molento M.B., Kaplan R.M., Nielsen M.K.. Anthelmintic resistance in important parasites of horses: does it really matter?. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;201:1–8.
    pubmed: 24485565
  68. Piché C.A., Kennedy M.J., Bauck S.W., Goonewardene L.. Comparison of three anthelmintics in the control of intestinal nematodes in young horses on fall and winter pasture.. Can. Vet. J. 1990;31:841.
    pmc: PMC1480884pubmed: 17423710
  69. Reid S.W.J., Mair T.S., Hillyer M.H., Love S.. Epidemiological risk factors associated with a diagnosis of clinical cyathostomiasis in the horse.. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:127–130.
    pubmed: 7607145
  70. Reinemeyer C.R., Prado J., Nielsen M.K.. Comparison of the larvicidal efficacies of moxidectin or a five-day regimen of fenbendazole in horses harboring cyathostomin populations resistant to the adulticidal dosage of fenbendazole.. Vet. Parasitol. 2015;214:100–107.
    pubmed: 26477278
  71. Relf V.E., Lester H.E., Morgan E.R., Hodgkinson J.E., Matthews J.B.. Anthelmintic efficacy on UK Thoroughbred stud farms.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2014;44:507–514.
    pubmed: 24746779
  72. Rosanowski S.M., Bolwell C.F., Scott I., Sells P.D., Rogers C.W.. The efficacy of Ivermectin against strongyles in yearlings on Thoroughbred breeding farms in New Zealand.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2017;8:70–74.
    pubmed: 31014641
  73. Rossano M.G., Smith A.R., Lyons E.T.. Shortened strongyle-type egg reappearance periods in naturally infected horses treated with moxidectin and failure of a larvicidal dose of fenbendazole to reduce fecal egg counts.. Vet. Parasitol. 2010;173:349–352.
    pubmed: 20675055
  74. Round M.C.. The prepatent period of some horse nematodes determined by experimental infection.. J. Helminthol. 1969;43:185–192.
    pubmed: 5381124
  75. Saeed M.A., Beveridge I., Abbas G., Beasley A., Bauquier J., Wilkes E., Jacobson C., Hughes K.J., El-Hage C., O'Handley R., Hurley J., Cudmore L., Carrigan P., Walter L., Tennent-Brown B., Nielsen M.K., Jabbar A.. Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia.. Parasites Vectors 2019;12:188.
    pmc: PMC6489199pubmed: 31036059
  76. Sangster N.. Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes: will it occur with the avermectin/milbemycins?. Vet. Parasitol. 1999;85:189–204.
    pubmed: 10485365
  77. Sanna G., Pipia A.P., Tamponi C., Manca R., Varcasia A., Traversa D., Scala A.. Anthelmintics efficacy against intestinal strongyles in horses of Sardinia. Italy.. Parasit. Epi. Cont. 2016;1:15–19.
    pmc: PMC5991823pubmed: 29988184
  78. Scare J.A., Leathwick D.M., Sauermann C.W., Lyons E.T., Steuer A.E., Jones B.A., Clark M., Nielsen M.K.. Dealing with double trouble: combination deworming against double-drug resistant cyathostomins.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;12:28–34.
    pmc: PMC7139983pubmed: 31883485
  79. Schumacher J., Livesey L., DeGraves F., Blagburn B., Ziska S., Caldwell M., Brock K.. Efficacy of moxidectin against cyathostomins after long‐term use in a large herd of draught horses with a high stocking density.. Vet. Rec. 2009;164:652–654.
    pubmed: 19465754
  80. Schumacher J., Taintor J.. A review of the use of moxidectin in horses.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2008;20:546–551.
  81. Silva P.A., Cernea M., Carvalho L.M.D.. Anthelmintic resistance in equine nematodes – a review on the current situation, with emphasis in Europe.. Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj Napoca. 2019;76:133–142.
  82. Tarigo-Martinie J.L., Wyatt A.R., Kaplan R.M.. Prevalence and clinical implications of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes of horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;218:1957–1960.
    pubmed: 11417741
  83. Traversa D., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Demeler J., Milillo P., Schurmann S., Barnes H., Otranto D., Perrucci S., di Regalbono A.F., Beraldo P., Boeckh A., Cobb R.. Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin populations from horse yards in Italy, United Kingdom and Germany.. Parasites Vectors 2009;2(Suppl. 2):S2.
    pmc: PMC2751838pubmed: 19778463
  84. Tzelos T., Barbeito J.S., Nielsen M.K., Morgan E.R., Hodgkinson J.E., Matthews J.B.. Strongyle egg reappearance period after moxidectin treatment and its relationship with management factors in UK equine populations.. Vet. Parasitol. 2017;237:70–76.
    pubmed: 28249767
  85. van Doorn D.C., Ploeger H.W., Eysker M., Geurden T., Wagenaar J.A., Kooyman F.N.. Cylicocyclus species predominate during shortened egg reappearance period in horses after treatment with ivermectin and moxidectin.. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;206:246–252.
    pubmed: 25458565
  86. von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Fritzen B., Demeler J., Schürmann S., Rohn K., Schnieder T., Epe C.. Cases of reduced cyathostomin egg-reappearance period and failure of Parascaris equorum egg count reduction following ivermectin treatment as well as survey on pyrantel efficacy on German horse farms.. Vet. Parasitol. 2007;144:74–80.
    pubmed: 17112667
  87. Vyšniauskas A., Kaziūnaitė V., Kaminskaitė I., Petkevičius S., Pereckienė A., Craven B.J.. The role of extense efficacy in the evaluation of anthelmintic resistance in horse strongyles.. Helminthologia 2004;41:73–80.
  88. Xiao L.H., Herd R.P., Majewski G.A.. Comparative efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin against hypobiotic and encysted cyathostomes and other equine parasites.. Vet. Parasitol. 1994;53:83–90.
    pubmed: 8091622
  89. Zak A., Siwinska N., Slowikowska M., Borowicz H., Kubiak K., Hildebrand J., Popiolek M., Niedzwiedz A.. Searching for ivermectin resistance in a Strongylidae population of horses stabled in Poland.. BMC Vet. Res. 2017;13:210.
    pmc: PMC5496315pubmed: 28673347

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. Abbas G, Nielsen MK, E-Hage C, Ghafar A, Beveridge I, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Recent advances in intestinal helminth parasites of horses in the Asia-Pacific region: Current trends, challenges and future directions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2025 Dec;29:100622.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2025.100622pubmed: 41135277google scholar: lookup
  2. Hoang D, Flanagan K, Ding Q, Cazeault NR, Li H, Díaz-Valerio S, Rus F, Darfour EA, Kass E, Petersson KH, Nielsen MK, Liesegang H, Ostroff GR, Aroian RV. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry14A family proteins as novel anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematode parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Oct;18(10):e0012611.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012611pubmed: 39453964google scholar: lookup
  3. Elghryani N, Lawlor A, McOwan T, de Waal T. Unravelling the Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments on Equine Strongyles on Irish Farms. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 2;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14131958pubmed: 38998069google scholar: lookup
  4. Elghryani N, McAloon C, Mincher C, McOwan T, de Waal T. Comparison of the Automated OvaCyte Telenostic Faecal Analyser versus the McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC Techniques in the Estimation of Helminth Faecal Egg Counts in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 16;13(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13243874pubmed: 38136911google scholar: lookup
  5. Abbas G, Stevenson MA, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Assessment of worm control practices recommended by equine veterinarians in Australia. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1305360.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1305360pubmed: 38026649google scholar: lookup
  6. Matthews JB, Peczak N, Lightbody KL. The Use of Innovative Diagnostics to Inform Sustainable Control of Equine Helminth Infections. Pathogens 2023 Oct 11;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12101233pubmed: 37887749google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 106,180 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.