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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(11); 1821; doi: 10.3390/ani13111821

Testing and Refining the Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Sport.

Abstract: In 2021, in response to an acknowledged need for universal, consistent ethics to guide decision making in the horse sport sector, Campbell published a theoretical ethical framework for the use of horses in competitive sport. The research reported here tested the applied usefulness of that theoretical ethical framework through stakeholder engagement in a three-round modified Delphi study and refined it to develop a practical decision-making tool which can be applied consistently across multiple equestrian disciplines. Stakeholders from a broad range of equestrian competitive disciplines participated in the research. Participants were required to apply the ethical framework to a pre-determined ethical dilemma, individually (Rounds 1 and 2) and within a group (Round 3), and at the end of each round to complete a questionnaire designed to gauge opinion and user experience. At the completion of each round of testing, the theoretical framework was refined based on stakeholder feedback. Results showed that participants perceived useability and application of the framework to generally increase with each round. Qualitative content analysis identified key concepts, including cognition (e.g., broadens/deepens thinking) and application (e.g., considers multiple angles from a variety of information sources, needs to be a short/simple process). Results suggested that the refined framework is beneficial for group decision making across a wide variety of ethical issues and equestrian competitive disciplines. The framework thus has the potential to improve equine welfare through facilitating consistent ethical decision making in which the interests of the horse are prioritized.
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Publication Date: 2023-05-31 PubMed ID: 37889722PubMed Central: PMC10252045DOI: 10.3390/ani13111821Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study tests and refines a theoretical ethical framework designed by Campbell in 2021 for the use of horses in sport, using a modified Delphi approach. It also aimed at arriving at a practical tool for decision-making applied uniformly across different equestrian sports. The research determined that the framework is seen as more useful and applicable as iterations progress, and showed that it is valuable for group decision-making regarding varied ethical concerns in equestrian discipline, potentially improving horse welfare by ensuring decisions prioritize horse interests.

Study Design & Refinement Process

  • The study involved a theoretical ethical framework, originally developed by Campbell in 2021, as its subject. The goal was to test its applied usefulness and refine it into a practical tool.
  • A three-round modified Delphi method was used, engaging stakeholders from a variety of equestrian competitive disciplines. The Delphi method, in its traditional form, is a systematic forecasting process that involves a panel of experts who respond to questionnaires in two or more rounds.
  • After the first round, the moderator provides an anonymized summary of the expert’s forecast from the previous round and the reasoning behind them. Participants are asked to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies from their peer experts.
  • In this study, participants were asked to apply the ethical framework to a given ethical dilemma, both as individuals (in Rounds 1 and 2), and as a part of a group (in Round 3).

Result Collection & Analysis

  • Post each round, participants filled out a questionnaire designed to record their opinions and the user experience. This served as a feedback that informed the subsequent refinement of the framework.
  • The results showed the participants perceived the framework’s usability and application to improve with each round, signaled by the refining process based on the feedback received.
  • Qualitative content analysis was performed on the received data, and it identified key concepts relating to cognition (for example, the framework helped broaden/deepen thinking about the ethical dilemma) and application (for example, the framework encouraged considering multiple perspectives from varied information sources, and needed to be a straightforward and simple process).

Value for Ethical Decision Making & Welfare of Horses

  • The research found the revised framework to be beneficial for group decision making across multiple ethical issues pertaining to equestrian competitive disciplines.
  • Furthermore, the implementation of this framework is expected to bring improvements to equine welfare. This is due to the process encouraging decision-making where the horse’s interests are given priority, which is a key requirement for animal welfare in sports.

Cite This Article

APA
Brown B, Cardwell JM, Verheyen KLP, Campbell MLH. (2023). Testing and Refining the Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Sport. Animals (Basel), 13(11), 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111821

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 11
PII: 1821

Researcher Affiliations

Brown, Bluebell
  • Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
Cardwell, Jacqueline M
  • Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
Verheyen, Kristien L P
  • Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
Campbell, Madeleine L H
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.

Grant Funding

  • 21.01 Campbell / World Horse Welfare

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Williams JM, Berg LC, Clayton HM, Kirsch K, Marlin D, Randle H, Roepstroff L, Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MSV, Weishaupt MA, Munsters C. A Delphi Study to Determine International and National Equestrian Expert Opinions on Domains and Sub-Domains Essential to Managing Sporthorse Health and Welfare in the Olympic Disciplines.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Nov 2;13(21).
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