FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Heliyon / The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol conc...
Heliyon2023; 9(8); e19037; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037

The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses.

Abstract: The performance of sport horses is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by a large number of external factors. The most dominant being nutrition, quality of breeding, level of zootechnical care and the quality of the sports rider and coach. Important factor is the process of individuals' adaptation to the training load occurring during the training itself. This study was focused on the analysis of salivary cortisol levels as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters in relation to load to which the tested horses were subjected. In the study 14 horses of sport breeds were analyzed a all tested horses were in the same (medium) level of training load. Tested horses underwent following stages of workload - transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing and lunging of various intensity. Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into horse's oral cavity, chewed by the horse and placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. Afterwards, the samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at temperature of -80 °C. The EIA cortisol kit was used in this study. The absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620-630 nm or a blank sample. Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after half a year of running the experiment and at the end of the experiment from . Hematological analysis were carried out using automatic hematologic analyser and multiple parameters were observed. Analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum were realized using commercial DiaSys kits and semiautomatic biochemical spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium and chlorides were measured using automatic analyzer EasyLytePlus. In all monitored forms of exercise (transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, horse shoeing, lunging), an increase in cortisol concentrations immediately after the exercise was recorded, but only spotted statistically significant differences were found during the transportation of monitored horses. The levels of blood parameters were within the reference range during the experiment period. From a comprehensive evaluation of the results, it can be stated that there were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load and that manipulation with horses is an important factor that has effect on horses' stress response. In general, the results of this study show no visible impact of training and/or load on the health status of horses over entire 12-month duration of the experiment.
© 2023 The Authors.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-08-09 PubMed ID: 37636408PubMed Central: PMC10457446DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates how training stress affects salivary cortisol levels, health, and blood parameters in sport horses. The findings indicate that while there is an increase in cortisol levels after exercise, there are no significant health changes or effects on blood parameter levels in horses undergoing training stress.

Research Methodology

  • The study encompassed 14 sport breed horses that were all subjected to the same medium level of training load.
  • The horses underwent various stages of workload which included transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing, and lunging of various intensities.

Data Gathering

  • Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into the horse’s oral cavity. The tampon was chewed by the horse and afterwards placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. The samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at a temperature of -80°C.
  • The study used an EIA cortisol kit to analyze the salivary cortisol levels. Absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620-630 nm.
  • Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after six months, and at the end of the experiment. These samples underwent hematological analysis using an automatic hematologic analyser.

Findings

  • Immediately post-exercise, an increase in cortisol concentrations was recorded in all observed forms of exercise. However, statistically significant differences were only identified during the transportation of the monitored horses.
  • The blood parameter levels of the horses remained within the reference range for the duration of the experiment.
  • There were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load, indicating no adverse effects of training stress on health.
  • The study also observed that the manipulation of horses had an impact on the animals’ stress response.

Conclusion

  • Despite the recorded increase in cortisol levels after exercise, the study did not find any significant health impacts or effects on blood parameter levels caused by training and load stress.
  • Across the 12-month duration of the experiment, the health status of the horses remained stable.

Cite This Article

APA
Massányi M, Halo M, Mlyneková E, Kováčiková E, Tokárová K, Greń A, Massányi P, Halo M. (2023). The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses. Heliyon, 9(8), e19037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037

Publication

Heliyon
ISSN: 2405-8440
NlmUniqueID: 101672560
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 8
Pages: e19037
PII: e19037

Researcher Affiliations

Massányi, Martin
  • AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Halo, Marko
  • Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Mlyneková, Eva
  • Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Kováčiková, Eva
  • AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Tokárová, Katarína
  • Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Greń, Agnieszka
  • Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland.
Massányi, Peter
  • Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
  • Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland.
Halo, Marko
  • Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

This article includes 73 references
  1. Halo M. Influence of indirect factors and its effect analysis on performance level of Slovak Warmblood horse breed.. Acta Fytotech. Zootech. 2021;24:105–108.
    doi: 10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.105-108google scholar: lookup
  2. Maśko M, Domino M, Jasiński T, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. The Physical Activity-Dependent Hematological and Biochemical Changes in School Horses in Comparison to Blood Profiles in Endurance and Race Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 14;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11041128pmc: PMC8071065pubmed: 33920044google scholar: lookup
  3. Ricard A, Robert C, Blouin C, Baste F, Torquet G, Morgenthaler C, Rivière J, Mach N, Mata X, Schibler L, Barrey E. Endurance Exercise Ability in the Horse: A Trait with Complex Polygenic Determinism.. Front Genet 2017;8:89.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00089pmc: PMC5488500pubmed: 28702049google scholar: lookup
  4. Budzyńska M. Stress reactivity and coping in horse adaptation to environment.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34(8):935–941.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.05.010google scholar: lookup
  5. Hughes DC, Ellefsen S, Baar K. Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018 Jun 1;8(6).
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029769pmc: PMC5983157pubmed: 28490537google scholar: lookup
  6. Lelláková A, Pavľak A, Florián M, Lešková L, Takáčová D, Kottferová J. Monitoring of stress in police horses.. Folia Vet. 2021;65(1):54–58.
  7. Redaelli V, Luzi F, Mazzola S, Bariffi GD, Zappaterra M, Nanni Costa L, Padalino B. The Use of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as Stress Indicator in Horses Trained for Endurance: A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Mar 7;9(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9030084pmc: PMC6466296pubmed: 30866503google scholar: lookup
  8. Kováčik J. Physiology of Animals.. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Press; 2015.
  9. Moberg G.P., Mench J.A. The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare.. CABI; Wallingford: 2000.
  10. Moberg G.P. Biological response to stress: key to assessment of animal well-being?. In: Animal Stress. Moberg G.P., editor. Springer New York; New York, NY: 1985. pp. 27–49.
  11. Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Ghosal S, Kopp B, Wulsin A, Makinson R, Scheimann J, Myers B. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Response.. Compr Physiol 2016 Mar 15;6(2):603-21.
    pmc: PMC4867107pubmed: 27065163doi: 10.1002/cphy.c150015google scholar: lookup
  12. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research.. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009 Feb;34(2):163-171.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026pubmed: 19095358google scholar: lookup
  13. Dlugosz B, Prochniak, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Basiaga M, Luszczyńśki J, Pieszka M. Assessment of changes in the saliva cortisol level of horses during different ways in recreational exploitation.. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2020:757–762.
  14. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Lamy E, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Quiles AJ, Hevia ML. Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhythm and Season: A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 24;10(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10091486pmc: PMC7552333pubmed: 32846911google scholar: lookup
  15. Poráčová J. Ecophysiology of Animals and Human.. first ed. Prešov University Press; Prešov: 2015.
  16. Longenbaker S.N. Mader's Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology.. ninth ed. McGraw Hill Education; New York, NY: 2017.
  17. Giannetto C, Fazio F, Assenza A, Alberghina D, Panzera M, Piccione G. Parallelism of circadian rhythmicity of salivary and serum cortisol concentration in normal dogs.. J. Appl. Biomed. 2014;12(4):229–233.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.01.009google scholar: lookup
  18. Giannetto C, Fazio F, Alberghina D, Assenza A, Panzera M, Piccione G. Different daily patterns of serum cortisol and locomotor activity rhythm in horses under natural photoperiod.. J. Veter. Behav. 2015;10(2):118–121.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.12.002google scholar: lookup
  19. Arfuso F, Giudice E, Panzera M, Rizzo M, Fazio F, Piccione G, Giannetto C. Interleukin-1Ra (Il-1Ra) and serum cortisol level relationship in horse as dynamic adaptive response during physical exercise.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022 Jan;243:110368.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110368pubmed: 34922262google scholar: lookup
  20. Kollathova R, Galik B, Halo M, Kovacik A, Hanusovsky O, Biro D, Rolinec M, Juracek M, Simko M. The effects of dried grape pomace supplementation on biochemical blood serum indicators and digestibility of nutrients in horses.. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2020;65:58–65.
  21. Galik B, Biro D, Halo M, Juracek M, Simko M, Massanyi P, Rolinec M. The effect of different macromineral intakes on mineral metabolism of sport horses.. Acta Vet. 2012;81:113–117.
    doi: 10.2754/avb201281020113google scholar: lookup
  22. Massányi M, Halo M Jr, Kováčík A, Halo M, Imrich I, Formicki G, Mlyneková E, Massányi P. The effect of induced training on selected equine blood plasma indicators on treadmill trained horses.. Vet. Med. 2020;65:528–536.
    doi: 10.17221/102/2020-VETMEDgoogle scholar: lookup
  23. Irvine CH, Alexander SL. Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1994 Apr;11(2):227-38.
    doi: 10.1016/0739-7240(94)90030-2pubmed: 8045104google scholar: lookup
  24. Peeters M, Closson C, Beckers J-F, Vandenheede M. Rider and horse salivary cortisol levels during competition and impact on performance.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:155–160.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.073google scholar: lookup
  25. Munk R, Jensen RB, Palme R, Munksgaard L, Christensen JW. An exploratory study of competition scores and salivary cortisol concentrations in Warmblood horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017 Oct;61:108-116.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.06.007pubmed: 28800426google scholar: lookup
  26. Covalesky M.E., Russoniello C.R., Malinowski K. Effects of show-jumping performance stress on plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations and heart rate and behavior in horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1992;12:244–251.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81454-1google scholar: lookup
  27. Cayado P, Muñoz-Escassi B, Domínguez C, Manley W, Olabarri B, Sánchez de la Muela M, Castejon F, Marañon G, Vara E. Hormone response to training and competition in athletic horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):274-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05552.xpubmed: 17402431google scholar: lookup
  28. Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Molinari P, Ferlazzo A. Effect of experience on adrenocortical and thyroid responses of arabian horses to Gymkhana games.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34(6):799–804.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.02.003google scholar: lookup
  29. Kędzierski W, Strzelec K, Cywińska A, Kowalik S. Salivary cortisol concentration in exercised thoroughbred horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:1106–1109.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.04.011google scholar: lookup
  30. Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Effects of competition experience and transportation on the adrenocortical and thyroid responses of horses.. Vet Rec 2008 Dec 13;163(24):713-6.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.163.24.713pubmed: 19074788google scholar: lookup
  31. Schmidt A, Möstl E, Wehnert C, Aurich J, Müller J, Aurich C. Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport.. Horm Behav 2010 Feb;57(2):209-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003pubmed: 19944105google scholar: lookup
  32. Friend TH. Dehydration, stress, and water consumption of horses during long-distance commercial transport.. J Anim Sci 2000 Oct;78(10):2568-80.
    doi: 10.2527/2000.78102568xpubmed: 11048922google scholar: lookup
  33. Stull CL, Rodiek AV. Physiological responses of horses to 24 hours of transportation using a commercial van during summer conditions.. J Anim Sci 2000 Jun;78(6):1458-66.
    doi: 10.2527/2000.7861458xpubmed: 10875627google scholar: lookup
  34. Stull CL, Morrow J, Aldridge BA, Stott JL, McGlone JJ. Immunophysiological responses of horses to a 12-hour rest during 24 hours of road transport.. Vet Rec 2008 May 10;162(19):609-14.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.162.19.609pubmed: 18480019google scholar: lookup
  35. Stull CL, Rodiek AV. Effects of cross-tying horses during 24 h of road transport.. Equine Vet J 2002 Sep;34(6):550-5.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776180214pubmed: 12357993google scholar: lookup
  36. Shanahan S. Trailer loading stress in horses: behavioral and physiological effects of nonaversive training (TTEAM).. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2003;6(4):263-74.
    doi: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0604_1pubmed: 14965781google scholar: lookup
  37. Harewood E.J., McGowan C.M. Behavioral and physiological responses to stabling in naive horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2005;25:164–170.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2005.03.008google scholar: lookup
  38. Pell S.M., McGreevy P.D. A study of cortisol and beta-endorphin levels in stereotypic and normal thoroughbreds.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1999;64:81–90.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00029-5google scholar: lookup
  39. van der Kolk JH, Nachreiner RF, Schott HC, Refsal KR, Zanella AJ. Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease.. Equine Vet J 2001 Mar;33(2):211-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00604.xpubmed: 11266074google scholar: lookup
  40. Baucus KL, Ralston SL, Nockels CF, McKinnon AO, Squires EL. Effects of transportation on early embryonic death in mares.. J Anim Sci 1990 Feb;68(2):345-51.
    doi: 10.2527/1990.682345xpubmed: 2312427google scholar: lookup
  41. Baucus KL, Squires EL, Ralston SL, McKinnon AO, Nett TM. Effect of transportation on the estrous cycle and concentrations of hormones in mares.. J Anim Sci 1990 Feb;68(2):419-26.
    doi: 10.2527/1990.682419xpubmed: 2312431google scholar: lookup
  42. Clark D.K., Friend T.H., Dellmeier G. The effect of orientation during trailer transport on heart rate, cortisol and balance in horses.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1993;38:179–189.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90018-Kgoogle scholar: lookup
  43. Smith BL, Jones JH, Hornof WJ, Miles JA, Longworth KE, Willits NH. Effects of road transport on indices of stress in horses.. Equine Vet J 1996 Nov;28(6):446-54.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01616.xpubmed: 9049493google scholar: lookup
  44. Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Endocrinological variables in blood and plasma.. Perf. Diag. Horses 1997;13(5):1–13.
  45. Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF, Walker RF. Salivary steroid assays for assessing variation in endocrine activity.. J Steroid Biochem 1983 Jul;19(1A):265-72.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-4731(83)80035-1pubmed: 6887863google scholar: lookup
  46. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer D.H. Salivary cortisol. Encyclopedia of Stress Elsevier; 2007. pp. 405–409.
  47. Owen RA, Fullerton J, Barnum DA. Effects of transportation, surgery, and antibiotic therapy in ponies infected with Salmonella.. Am J Vet Res 1983 Jan;44(1):46-50.
    pubmed: 6337537
  48. Kang OD, Lee WS. Changes in Salivary Cortisol Concentration in Horses during Different Types of Exercise.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016 May;29(5):747-52.
    doi: 10.5713/ajas.16.0009pmc: PMC4852239pubmed: 26954193google scholar: lookup
  49. Hovey MR, Davis A, Chen S, Godwin P, Porr CAS. Evaluating Stress in Riding Horses: Part One-Behavior Assessment and Serum Cortisol.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Jan;96:103297.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103297pubmed: 33349400google scholar: lookup
  50. McGee W.R.A. Practical Program to Reduce the Incidence of Embryonic and Perinatal Mortality.. 15th Annu. Convention. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract.; Houston: Texas: 1969.
  51. Bonato M, La Torre A, Saresella M, Marventano I, Merati G, Vitale JA. Salivary cortisol concentration after high-intensity interval exercise: Time of day and chronotype effect.. Chronobiol Int 2017;34(6):698-707.
    doi: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1311336pubmed: 28409690google scholar: lookup
  52. De Pero R, Minganti C, Cibelli G, Cortis C, Piacentini MF. The Stress of Competing: Cortisol and Amylase Response to Training and Competition.. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021 Jan 4;6(1).
    doi: 10.3390/jfmk6010005pmc: PMC7838906pubmed: 33462167google scholar: lookup
  53. Janzekovic M, Prisenk J. Assessment of stress on horses through the salivary cortisol concentration. In: Katalinic B., editor. vol. 16. DAAAM International Vienna; 2017. pp. 55–62.
  54. Marc M, Parvizi N, Ellendorff F, Kallweit E, Elsaesser F. Plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in the warmblood horse in response to a standardized treadmill exercise test as physiological markers for evaluation of training status.. J Anim Sci 2000 Jul;78(7):1936-46.
    doi: 10.2527/2000.7871936xpubmed: 10907837google scholar: lookup
  55. Grosskopf J.F.W, van Rensburg J.J, Bertschinger H.J. Haematology and Blood Biochemistry of Horses during a 210 Kmendurance Ride. 1; GrantaEditions: Cabridge, UK.
  56. Church D.B., Evans D.L., Lewis D.R., Rose R.J. The Effect of Exercise on Plasma Adrenocorticotrophin, Cortisol Andinsulin in the Horse and Adaptation with Training.. ECEEP Publications; Davis, Canada: 1987.
  57. Dybdal NO, Gribble D, Madigan JE, Stabenfelt GH. Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides.. Equine Vet J 1980 Jul;12(3):137-40.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03403.xpubmed: 6997033google scholar: lookup
  58. Golland L.C., Evans D.L., Stone G.M., Tyler C.M., Rose R.J., Hodgson D.R. The effect of overtraining on plasma cortisol concentrations at rest and in response to exercise and administration os synthetic adrenocorticotropin in Standardbred racehorses.. PHK 1996;12:531–533.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM19960438google scholar: lookup
  59. van Denderen J.G. Do Horses Show More Stress during Riding, Lunging or Working on a Treadmill? A Pilot to Determine Possibilities And Threats Using Different Exercise Methods In Future Hyperflexion Research.. Utrecht University; 2011. Theses.
  60. Johnson R.A., Johnson P.J., Megarani D.V., Patel S.D., Yaglom H.D., Osterlind S., Grindler K., Vogelweid C.M., Parker T.M., Pascua C.K.. Horses working in therapeutic riding programs: cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucose, and behavior stress indicators.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;57:77–85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.006google scholar: lookup
  61. Stewart AJ, Hackett E, Bertin FR, Towns TJ. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2257-2266.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15620pmc: PMC6766528pubmed: 31512777google scholar: lookup
  62. Pawluski J, Jego P, Henry S, Bruchet A, Palme R, Coste C, Hausberger M. Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0182257.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182257pmc: PMC5590897pubmed: 28886020google scholar: lookup
  63. Ayala I, Martos NF, Silvan G, Gutierrez-Panizo C, Clavel JG, Illera JC. Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline serum concentrations in relation to disease and stress in the horse.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Aug;93(1):103-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.013pubmed: 21641009google scholar: lookup
  64. Ono T, Yamada Y, Hata A, Shimokawa Miyama T, Shibano K, Iwata E, Ohzawa E, Kitagawa H. Reference values of hematological and blood biochemical parameters for the Noma horse.. J Equine Sci 2019 Sep;30(3):69-73.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.30.69pmc: PMC6773617pubmed: 31592225google scholar: lookup
  65. Takasu M, Nagatani N, Tozaki T, Kakoi H, Maeda M, Murase T, Mukoyama H. Hematological and biochemical reference values for the endangered kiso horse.. J Equine Sci 2013;24(4):75-8.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.24.75pmc: PMC4013988pubmed: 24834006google scholar: lookup
  66. Coelho CS, Silva ASBA, Santos CMR, Santos AMR, Vintem CMBL, Leite AG, Fonseca JMC, Prazeres JMCS, Souza VRC, Siqueira RF, Manso Filho HC, Simões JSA. Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 6;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233436pmc: PMC9738668pubmed: 36496958google scholar: lookup
  67. Paes P.R.O., Gonçalves R.C., Barioni G., Leme F.O.P., Melo M.M., Cruz M.L. O leucograma como indicador de estresse no desmame e no transporte rodoviário de bovinos da raça Nelore. (The leukogram as an indicator stress on weaning and after road transport in Nelore calfs). Semina Ciências Agrárias 2012;33:305–311.
  68. Massányi M, Halo M Jr, Massányi P, Mlyneková E, Greń A, Formicki G, Halo M. Changes in haematological and biochemical parameters in blood serum of horses during exposition to workload stress.. Heliyon 2022 Dec;8(12):e12241.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12241pmc: PMC9758420pubmed: 36536901google scholar: lookup
  69. Andriichuk A, Tkachenko H. Effect of gender and exercise on haematological and biochemical parameters in Holsteiner horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017 Oct;101(5):e404-e413.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.12620pubmed: 28066938google scholar: lookup
  70. Halo M. Jr., Massanyi M., Strečanský M., Kovacik A., Formicki G., Greń A., Halo M., Massanyi P. The effect of age on biochemical parameters on horses.. Scien. Pap.: Ani. Sci. Biotech. 2020:117–120.
  71. Enbergs H, Karp HP, Schönherr U. [Course of blood levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and calcidiol (25-OH-D3) in one and two year old thoroughbred horses].. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996 Dec;103(12):491-3.
    pubmed: 9333537
  72. Ono T, Inoue Y, Hisaeda K, Yamada Y, Hata A, Miyama TS, Shibano K, Kitagawa H, Ohzawa E, Iwata E. Effect of seasons and sex on the physical, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters of Noma horses.. J Equine Sci 2021 Mar;32(1):21-25.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.32.21pmc: PMC7984912pubmed: 33776537google scholar: lookup
  73. Robert C, Goachet AG, Fraipont A, Votion DM, Van Erck E, Leclerc JL. Hydration and electrolyte balance in horses during an endurance season.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):98-104.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00198.xpubmed: 21058989google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.