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Frontiers in physiology2017; 8; 535; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00535

The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology.

Abstract: Weaning has been described as one of the most stressful events in the life of horses. Given the importance of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and gut microbiota under stress, we evaluated (i) the effect of two different weaning methods on the composition of gut microbiota across time and (ii) how the shifts of gut microbiota composition after weaning affect the host. A total of 34 foals were randomly subjected to a progressive (P) or an abrupt (A) weaning method. In the P method, mares were separated from foals at progressively increasing intervals every day, starting from five min during the fourth week prior to weaning and ending with 6 h during the last week before weaning. In the A method, mares and foals were never separated prior to weaning (0 d). Different host phenotypes and gut microbiota composition were studied across 6 age strata (days -30, 0, 3, 5, 7, and 30 after weaning) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results revealed that the beneficial species belonging to , and were more abundant in the A group prior to weaning compared to the P group, suggesting that the gut microbiota in the A cohort was better adapted to weaning. , on the other hand, showed the opposite pattern after weaning. Fungal loads, which are thought to increase the capacity for fermenting the complex polysaccharides from diet, were higher in P relative to A. Beyond the effects of weaning methods, maternal separation at weaning markedly shifted the composition of the gut microbiota in all foals, which fell into three distinct community types at 3 days post-weaning. Most genera in community type 2 (i.e., XI, and spp.) were negatively correlated with salivary cortisol levels, but positively correlated with telomere length and N-butyrate production. Average daily gain was also greater in the foals harboring a community type 2 microbiota. Therefore, community type 2 is likely to confer better stress response adaptation following weaning. This study identified potential microbial biomarkers that could predict the likelihood for physiological adaptations to weaning in horses, although causality remains to be addressed.
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Publication Date: 2017-07-25 PubMed ID: 28790932PubMed Central: PMC5524898DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00535Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores how two different methods of weaning, abrupt and progressive, affect the gut microbiota of foals and their physiological responses. The study found that variations in the gut microbiota can impact stress response adaptation, suggesting potential microbial markers for predicting the odds of adaptation to weaning in horses.

Research Methodology

  • The foals involved in this study (a total of 34) were randomly assigned to either a progressive (P) or abrupt (A) weaning method.
  • In the progressive method, mother horses were gradually separated from the foals at increasing intervals each day, starting from the fourth week prior to weaning.
  • In the abrupt weaning method, foals and their mothers were not separated at all before weaning.
  • Different host phenotypes and the composition of gut microbiota across six predetermined age groups were studied through 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Key Findings

  • The researchers discovered that what they termed ‘beneficial species’ were more abundant in the group of foals that experienced abrupt weaning prior to the weaning process. This indicated to the researchers that this group’s gut microbiota was better adapted to weaning.
  • In contrast, these species showed an opposing pattern in the foals post-weaning.
  • Fungal loads, which theoretically increase the ability to ferment complex polysaccharides in the diet, were found to be higher in the foals weaned progressively.
  • The study uncovered that separation from the mother at weaning significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota in all foals, resulting in three distinct microbiota community types post-weaning (3 days).
  • The majority of genera in what the researchers identified as ‘community type 2’ had a negative correlation with salivary cortisol levels, but a positive correlation with telomere length and N-butyrate production. The foals associated with ‘community type 2’ exhibited greater average daily weight gain, meaning they likely have better stress response adaptation after weaning.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study’s results suggested that the composition of gut microbiota in foals at the time of weaning could have implications for their physiological adaptations to the stress of separation.
  • The researchers identified potential microbial biomarkers that could predict the potential for physiological adaptations to weaning in foals, offering a new avenue for future research to increase the welfare of weaned foals. However, the investigators acknowledged that causality remains a question to be thoroughly addressed in future studies.

Cite This Article

APA
Mach N, Foury A, Kittelmann S, Reigner F, Moroldo M, Ballester M, Esquerré D, Rivière J, Sallé G, Gérard P, Moisan MP, Lansade L. (2017). The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology. Front Physiol, 8, 535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00535

Publication

Frontiers in physiology
ISSN: 1664-042X
NlmUniqueID: 101549006
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 535
PII: 535

Researcher Affiliations

Mach, Núria
  • UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.
Foury, Aline
  • UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie IntégréeBordeaux, France.
Kittelmann, Sandra
  • AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand.
Reigner, Fabrice
  • UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé PubliqueNouzilly, France.
Moroldo, Marco
  • UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.
Ballester, Maria
  • Departament de Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Torre MarimonCaldes de Montbui, Spain.
Esquerré, Diane
  • UMR 444, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme GETCastanet-Tolosan, France.
Rivière, Julie
  • UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.
Sallé, Guillaume
  • UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé PubliqueNouzilly, France.
Gérard, Philippe
  • UMR 1319, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.
Moisan, Marie-Pierre
  • UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie IntégréeBordeaux, France.
Lansade, Léa
  • PRC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFCE, Université de ToursNouzilly, France.

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