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Science (New York, N.Y.)2018; 360(6396); eaar7711; doi: 10.1126/science.aar7711

The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia.

Abstract: The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.
Publication Date: 2018-05-09 PubMed ID: 29743352PubMed Central: PMC6748862DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7711Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Historical Article
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
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  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

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The research investigates the impact of the Yamnaya expansions from the Western steppe during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE), focusing on the introduction of Indo-European languages and horse husbandry in Europe and Asia. The study examines genomic data from ancient populations across Inner Asia and Anatolia, finding that the Yamnaya migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia compared to Europe.

Research Methodology

  • The study used 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia. Whole-genome sequencing enables researchers to acquire a comprehensive view of the entire genome, allowing for an in-depth analysis of ancient genetic patterns and ancestry relationships.
  • The Botai people, identified with the earliest horse husbandry, served as a key focus of the study. An in-depth understanding of their genetic lineage provided insights into the early development of horse domestication and potential cultural exchanges during the period.

Research Findings

  • The Botai people, associated with the earliest horse husbandry, were found to originate from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. This indicates that the introduction of horse husbandry to these regions may have been through other means or groups, and not directly from the Yamnaya as previously believed.
  • The results also hinted at distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after Yamnaya culture but not at the time of it. This suggests that the Yamnaya expansions didn’t directly influence the genetic makeup in South Asia as significantly as in other regions.
  • No evidence of steppe ancestry was found in Bronze Age Anatolia, conflicting with earlier theories of Indo-European languages spreading to the region through the Yamnaya expansions.

Conclusion

  • The research findings challenge current beliefs about the influence and range of the Yamnaya expansions during the Early Bronze Age. In contrast to Europe, where the impact was substantial, the Yamnaya migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.
  • The results urge a reconsideration of the complexes relating to the movement of languages, cultures, and people during this historical period, prompting further research and discussion in these areas.

Cite This Article

APA
de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, Rasmussen S, Zacho C, Baimukhanov N, Zaibert V, Merz V, Biddanda A, Merz I, Loman V, Evdokimov V, Usmanova E, Hemphill B, Seguin-Orlando A, Yediay FE, Ullah I, Sjögren KG, Iversen KH, Choin J, de la Fuente C, Ilardo M, Schroeder H, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Polyakov A, Omura S, Senyurt SY, Ahmad H, McKenzie C, Margaryan A, Hameed A, Samad A, Gul N, Khokhar MH, Goriunova OI, Bazaliiskii VI, Novembre J, Weber AW, Orlando L, Allentoft ME, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Sikora M, Outram AK, Durbin R, Willerslev E. (2018). The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science, 360(6396), eaar7711. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7711

Publication

ISSN: 1095-9203
NlmUniqueID: 0404511
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 360
Issue: 6396
PII: eaar7711

Researcher Affiliations

de Barros Damgaard, Peter
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Martiniano, Rui
  • Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
  • Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
Kamm, Jack
  • Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
Moreno-Mayar, J Víctor
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Kroonen, Guus
  • Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Peyrot, Michaël
  • Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Barjamovic, Gojko
  • Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Rasmussen, Simon
  • Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Zacho, Claus
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Baimukhanov, Nurbol
  • Shejire DNA project, Abai ave. 150/230, 050046 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Zaibert, Victor
  • Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilization, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.
Merz, Victor
  • S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies named after A.Kh. Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
Biddanda, Arjun
  • Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Merz, Ilja
  • S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies named after A.Kh. Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
Loman, Valeriy
  • Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan.
Evdokimov, Valeriy
  • Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan.
Usmanova, Emma
  • Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan.
Hemphill, Brian
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Yediay, Fulya Eylem
  • The Institute of Forensic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Ullah, Inam
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Sjögren, Karl-Göran
  • Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
Iversen, Katrine Højholt
  • Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Choin, Jeremy
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
de la Fuente, Constanza
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ilardo, Melissa
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Schroeder, Hannes
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Moiseyev, Vyacheslav
  • Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Gromov, Andrey
  • Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Polyakov, Andrei
  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Omura, Sachihiro
  • Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology, Kaman, Kırşehir, Turkey.
Senyurt, Süleyman Yücel
  • Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Ahmad, Habib
  • Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan.
  • Center of Omic Sciences, Islamia College, Peshawar, Pakistan.
McKenzie, Catriona
  • Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
Margaryan, Ashot
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hameed, Abdul
  • Department of Archeology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Samad, Abdul
  • Directorate of Archaeology and Museums Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Gul, Nazish
  • Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Khokhar, Muhammad Hassan
  • Archaeological Museum Harappa at Archaeology Department Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan.
Goriunova, O I
  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrent'iev Ave. 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
  • Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.
Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I
  • Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.
Novembre, John
  • Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Weber, Andrzej W
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université deToulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France.
Allentoft, Morten E
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Nielsen, Rasmus
  • Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Kristiansen, Kristian
  • Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
Sikora, Martin
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Outram, Alan K
  • Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
Durbin, Richard
  • Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. rd109@cam.ac.uk ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
  • Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
Willerslev, Eske
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. rd109@cam.ac.uk ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
  • Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
  • Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Asia
  • Asian People / genetics
  • Chromosomes, Human, Y / genetics
  • DNA, Ancient
  • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Domestication
  • Europe
  • Genetic Drift
  • Genome, Human
  • Grassland
  • History, Ancient
  • Horses
  • Human Migration / history
  • Humans
  • Language
  • Whole Genome Sequencing

Grant Funding

  • Wellcome Trust
  • 206194 / Wellcome Trust
  • 207492/Z/17/Z / Wellcome Trust
  • T32 GM007197 / NIGMS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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