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Genes2020; 11(11); 1378; doi: 10.3390/genes11111378

The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals.

Abstract: Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in humans and companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the fields of medicine and veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. It is well established that the heritability of obesity is high in humans and laboratory animals, with ample evidence that the same is true in companion animals. In this review, we provide an overview of how genes link to obesity in humans, drawing on a wealth of information from laboratory animal models, and summarise the mechanisms by which obesity causes related disease. Throughout, we focus on how large-scale human studies and niche investigations of rare mutations in severely affected patients have improved our understanding of obesity biology and can inform our ability to interpret results of animal studies. For dogs, cats, and horses, we compare the similarities in obesity pathophysiology to humans and review the genetic studies that have been previously reported in those species. Finally, we discuss how veterinary genetics may learn from humans about studying precise, nuanced phenotypes and implementing large-scale studies, but also how veterinary studies may be able to look past clinical findings to mechanistic ones and demonstrate translational benefits to human research.
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Publication Date: 2020-11-20 PubMed ID: 33233816PubMed Central: PMC7699880DOI: 10.3390/genes11111378Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the genetic basis of obesity and related metabolic diseases in humans and companion animals like dogs, cats and horses. It shows the similar genetic factors contributing to obesity across species and emphasizes the importance of cross-species studies for understanding obesity biology and improving health outcomes.

Understanding Obesity: The Role of Genes

The authors explain that obesity, a complex health condition prevalent among humans and various animals, is determined by a mix of genetic and environmental factors. They underscore the heritability of obesity in humans, laboratory animals, as well as companion animals:

  • Obesity is regulated through a homeostatic process, which is susceptible to disruptions from a host of factors.
  • Several genes are involved in the development of obesity, further complicating the study and treatment of this condition.
  • Research with laboratory animal models has been instrumental in identifying genes associated with obesity.

Similarities in Obesity across Species

The article sheds light on shared features of obesity in humans and animals particularly in dogs, cats, and horses.

  • The underlying mechanisms of obesity appear to be similar across species, with genetic factors playing a significant role.
  • The authors review previous genetic studies on these animals to draw connections to human obesity.

Implications for Human and Veterinary Medicine

In this review, it’s emphasized that research insights from different species can offer mutual benefits to human and veterinary medicine.

  • Large-scale human studies and niche investigations on severely affected patients help refine our understanding of obesity biology and can guide interpretations of animal studies for obesity.
  • Veterinary genetics can also learn from human studies in terms of studying precise, complex phenotypes and implementing extensive research.
  • Conversely, veterinary studies have the potential to extend beyond clinical findings to examine mechanisms, potentially bringing translational benefits to human research.

This multi-disciplinary approach underscores the complexity of obesity and the need for a diverse range of studies to tackle the challenges posed by this global health condition.

Cite This Article

APA
Wallis N, Raffan E. (2020). The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes (Basel), 11(11), 1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111378

Publication

Genes
ISSN: 2073-4425
NlmUniqueID: 101551097
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 11
PII: 1378

Researcher Affiliations

Wallis, Natalie
  • Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
Raffan, Eleanor
  • Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cat Diseases / genetics
  • Cats
  • Comorbidity
  • Dog Diseases / genetics
  • Dogs
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Genome-Wide Association Study
  • Horse Diseases / genetics
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Leptin / genetics
  • Leptin / metabolism
  • Melanocortins / genetics
  • Melanocortins / metabolism
  • Metabolic Diseases / genetics
  • Metabolic Diseases / veterinary
  • Obesity / epidemiology
  • Obesity / genetics
  • Obesity / metabolism
  • Obesity / veterinary
  • Pets

Grant Funding

  • 205187/Z/16/Z / Wellcome Trust
  • BB/M011194/1 / Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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