FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(11); 1739; doi: 10.3390/antiox10111739

The Impact of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Antioxidants and Proteome in Fit Thoroughbred Horses.

Abstract: Horses have one of the highest skeletal muscle oxidative capacities amongst mammals, which, combined with a high glycolytic capacity, could perturb redox status during maximal exercise. We determined the effect of 30 d of oral coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation (NACQ) on muscle glutathione (GSH), cysteine, ROS, and coenzyme Q10 concentrations, and the muscle proteome, in seven maximally exercising Thoroughbred horses using a placebo and randomized cross-over design. Gluteal muscle biopsies were obtained the day before and 1 h after maximal exercise. Concentrations of GSH, cysteine, coenzyme Q10, and ROS were measured, and citrate synthase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities analyzed. GSH increased significantly 1 h post-exercise in the NACQ group ( = 0.022), whereas other antioxidant concentrations/activities were unchanged. TMT proteomic analysis revealed 40 differentially expressed proteins with NACQ out of 387 identified, including upregulation of 13 mitochondrial proteins (TCA cycle and NADPH production), 4 Z-disc proteins, and down regulation of 9 glycolytic proteins. NACQ supplementation significantly impacted muscle redox capacity after intense exercise by enhancing muscle glutathione concentrations and increasing expression of proteins involved in the uptake of glutathione into mitochondria and the NAPDH-associated reduction of oxidized glutathione, without any evident detrimental effects on performance.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-10-30 PubMed ID: 34829610PubMed Central: PMC8615093DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111739Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the effects of two antioxidant supplements, N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10, on muscle antioxidants and proteome in racehorses. Through experimentation, researchers identified a significant increase in muscle redox capacity following intense exercise when the horses were supplemented, potentially improving performance without apparent negative impacts.

Experiment Methodology

  • The study involved seven thoroughbred horses in peak fitness, on which the researchers conducted a placebo and randomized cross-over trial. This design ensures each horse serves as its own control, reducing variables.
  • The researchers administered oral coenzyme Q10 and N-Acetyl-Cysteine to the horses for 30 days.
  • They collected muscle biopsies from the gluteal muscle the day before maximal exercise and one hour afterward.
  • In each muscle sample, measurements were taken for glutathione (GSH), cysteine, coenzyme Q10, and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • The research team also analyzed the activities of three key enzymes present in the muscles: citrate synthase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase.

Findings

  • Glutathione levels significantly increased post-exercise in the supplemented group, while concentrations and activities of other antioxidants remained constant.
  • Using a TMT proteomic analysis, which measures changes in protein abundance, researchers identified changes in 40 out of 387 proteins detected. These alterations included:
    • The upregulation of 13 mitochondrial proteins (those involved in the TCA cycle and NADPH production)
    • The upregulation of 4 Z-disc proteins linked to muscle contraction
    • The downregulation of 9 glycolytic proteins involved in the breakdown of glucose for energy
  • These protein alterations suggest changes in energy metabolism and muscle function after supplement administration.

Implications of the Study

  • Supplementation of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10 could potentially improve exercise performance in horses by enhancing muscle redox capacity after intensive exercise. This effect results from an increase in glutathione concentrations and an increase in proteins critical to the movement of glutathione into mitochondria, which are the energy-generating powerhouses of the cells.
  • Notably, the study found no apparent negative effects on the horses’ performance from the supplements.
  • These findings may guide further research into improving performance of not just horses but potentially other mammals, including humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Henry ML, Velez-Irizarry D, Pagan JD, Sordillo L, Gandy J, Valberg SJ. (2021). The Impact of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Antioxidants and Proteome in Fit Thoroughbred Horses. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(11), 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111739

Publication

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-3921
NlmUniqueID: 101668981
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 11
PII: 1739

Researcher Affiliations

Henry, Marisa L
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Velez-Irizarry, Deborah
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Pagan, Joe D
  • Kentucky Equine Research, Versailles, KY 40383, USA.
Sordillo, Lorraine
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Gandy, Jeff
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Valberg, Stephanie J
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Grant Funding

  • N/A / McPhail Equine Endowment, Michigan State University
  • N/A / Kentucky Equine Research, Versailles, KY
  • N/A / Martha Wolfson Endowment, Michigan State University

Conflict of Interest Statement

Joe Pagan, a co-author, is the president of KER. He was involved in randomized design, owned horses used in the study, and provided all the product supplementation and funding for care and feeding of the subjects, as well as partially funded some of the analyses. Pagan had no role in skeletal muscle data analysis and interpretation. He did review the manuscript prior to submission. KER commercially offers CoQ10 for sale to horse owners.

References

This article includes 59 references
  1. Essen-Gustavsson E. Activity and inactivity related muscle adaptations in the animal kingdom.. Biochem. Exerc. 1986;6:435–454.
  2. Shadel GS, Horvath TL. Mitochondrial ROS signaling in organismal homeostasis.. Cell 2015 Oct 22;163(3):560-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.001pmc: PMC4634671pubmed: 26496603google scholar: lookup
  3. Ribas V, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Glutathione and mitochondria.. Front Pharmacol 2014;5:151.
    doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00151pmc: PMC4079069pubmed: 25024695google scholar: lookup
  4. Ferreira LF, Reid MB. Muscle-derived ROS and thiol regulation in muscle fatigue.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008 Mar;104(3):853-60.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00953.2007pubmed: 18006866google scholar: lookup
  5. Kwon YH, Stipanuk MH. Cysteine regulates expression of cysteine dioxygenase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in cultured rat hepatocytes.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 May;280(5):E804-15.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E804pubmed: 11287364google scholar: lookup
  6. Yu X, Long YC. Crosstalk between cystine and glutathione is critical for the regulation of amino acid signaling pathways and ferroptosis.. Sci Rep 2016 Jul 18;6:30033.
    doi: 10.1038/srep30033pmc: PMC4948025pubmed: 27425006google scholar: lookup
  7. Dröge W. Oxidative stress and ageing: is ageing a cysteine deficiency syndrome?. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005 Dec 29;360(1464):2355-72.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1770pmc: PMC1569588pubmed: 16321806google scholar: lookup
  8. Atkuri KR, Mantovani JJ, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. N-Acetylcysteine--a safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency.. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007 Aug;7(4):355-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.04.005pmc: PMC4540061pubmed: 17602868google scholar: lookup
  9. Sato H, Tamba M, Ishii T, Bannai S. Cloning and expression of a plasma membrane cystine/glutamate exchange transporter composed of two distinct proteins.. J Biol Chem 1999 Apr 23;274(17):11455-8.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.17.11455pubmed: 10206947google scholar: lookup
  10. Witte TS, Melkus E, Walter I, Senge B, Schwab S, Aurich C, Heuwieser W. Effects of oral treatment with N-acetylcysteine on the viscosity of intrauterine mucus and endometrial function in estrous mares.. Theriogenology 2012 Oct 1;78(6):1199-208.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.05.013pubmed: 22819282google scholar: lookup
  11. Ronéus B, Hakkarainen J. Vitamin E in serum and skeletal muscle tissue and blood glutathione peroxidase activity from horses with the azoturia-tying-up syndrome.. Acta Vet Scand 1985;26(3):425-7.
    doi: 10.1186/BF03546544pmc: PMC8202697pubmed: 4096328google scholar: lookup
  12. Ronéus BO, Hakkarainen RV, Lindholm CA, Työppönen JT. Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion.. Equine Vet J 1986 Jan;18(1):50-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03537.xpubmed: 3948831google scholar: lookup
  13. Brown JC, Valberg SJ, Hogg M, Finno CJ. Effects of feeding two RRR-α-tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle α-tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency.. Equine Vet J 2017 Nov;49(6):753-758.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12692pmc: PMC5640495pubmed: 28432750google scholar: lookup
  14. Garrido-Maraver J, Cordero MD, Oropesa-Avila M, Vega AF, de la Mata M, Pavon AD, Alcocer-Gomez E, Calero CP, Paz MV, Alanis M, de Lavera I, Cotan D, Sanchez-Alcazar JA. Clinical applications of coenzyme Q10.. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014 Jan 1;19(4):619-33.
    doi: 10.2741/4231pubmed: 24389208google scholar: lookup
  15. Sinatra ST, Jankowitz SN, Chopra RK, Bhagavan HN. Plasma Coenzyme Q10 and Tocopherols in Thoroughbred Race Horses: Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation and Exercise.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:265–269.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.001google scholar: lookup
  16. Ruiz AJ, Tibary A, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP, Leadon DP, Bayly WM. Effects of Feeding Coenzyme Q10-Ubiquinol on Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Concentrations and Semen Quality in Stallions.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Jan;96:103303.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103303pubmed: 33349408google scholar: lookup
  17. Thueson E, Leadon DP, Heaton R, Hargreaves IP, Bayly WM. Effect of daily supplementation with ubiquinol on muscle coenzyme Q10 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2019;15:219–226.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP190023google scholar: lookup
  18. Poole DC. Current concepts of oxygen transport during exercise.. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2003;1:5–22.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP20036google scholar: lookup
  19. Hoppeler H, Weibel ER. Limits for oxygen and substrate transport in mammals.. J Exp Biol 1998 Apr;201(Pt 8):1051-64.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.201.8.1051pubmed: 9510519google scholar: lookup
  20. Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck TJ, Votion DM, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Assessment of reactive oxygen species production in cultured equine skeletal myoblasts in response to conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation with or without exposure to peroxidases.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Mar;73(3):426-34.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.426pubmed: 22369537google scholar: lookup
  21. Bookbinder L, Finno CJ, Firshman AM, Katzman SA, Burns E, Peterson J, Dahlgren A, Ming-Whitfield B, Glessner S, Borer-Matsui A, Valberg SJ. Impact of alpha-tocopherol deficiency and supplementation on sacrocaudalis and gluteal muscle fiber histopathology and morphology in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Nov;33(6):2770-2779.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15643pmc: PMC6872615pubmed: 31660648google scholar: lookup
  22. Valberg SJ, McKenzie EC, Eyrich LV, Shivers J, Barnes NE, Finno CJ. Suspected myofibrillar myopathy in Arabian horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis.. Equine Vet J 2016 Sep;48(5):548-56.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12493pmc: PMC4833696pubmed: 26234161google scholar: lookup
  23. Lindholm A, Piehl K. Fibre composition, enzyme activity and concentrations of metabolites and electrolytes in muscles of standardbred horses.. Acta Vet Scand 1974;15(3):287-309.
    doi: 10.1186/BF03547460pmc: PMC8407315pubmed: 4137664google scholar: lookup
  24. Petersen JL, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Haplotype diversity in the equine myostatin gene with focus on variants associated with race distance propensity and muscle fiber type proportions.. Anim Genet 2014 Dec;45(6):827-35.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12205pmc: PMC4211974pubmed: 25160752google scholar: lookup
  25. Hill EW, McGivney BA, Gu J, Whiston R, Machugh DE. A genome-wide SNP-association study confirms a sequence variant (g.66493737C>T) in the equine myostatin (MSTN) gene as the most powerful predictor of optimum racing distance for Thoroughbred racehorses.. BMC Genomics 2010 Oct 11;11:552.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-552pmc: PMC3091701pubmed: 20932346google scholar: lookup
  26. Pandey R, Riley CL, Mills EM, Tiziani S. Highly sensitive and selective determination of redox states of coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) in mice tissues: Application of orbitrap mass spectrometry.. Anal Chim Acta 2018 Jun 29;1011:68-76.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.066pmc: PMC5831383pubmed: 29475487google scholar: lookup
  27. Essén-Gustavsson B, Henriksson J. Enzyme levels in pools of microdissected human muscle fibres of identified type. Adaptive response to exercise.. Acta Physiol Scand 1984 Apr;120(4):505-15.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07414.xpubmed: 6237550google scholar: lookup
  28. Wiśniewski JR, Zougman A, Nagaraj N, Mann M. Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis.. Nat Methods 2009 May;6(5):359-62.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1322pubmed: 19377485google scholar: lookup
  29. Nesvizhskii AI, Keller A, Kolker E, Aebersold R. A statistical model for identifying proteins by tandem mass spectrometry.. Anal Chem 2003 Sep 1;75(17):4646-58.
    doi: 10.1021/ac0341261pubmed: 14632076google scholar: lookup
  30. Shadforth IP, Dunkley TP, Lilley KS, Bessant C. i-Tracker: for quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ.. BMC Genomics 2005 Oct 20;6:145.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-145pmc: PMC1276793pubmed: 16242023google scholar: lookup
  31. Oberg AL, Mahoney DW, Eckel-Passow JE, Malone CJ, Wolfinger RD, Hill EG, Cooper LT, Onuma OK, Spiro C, Therneau TM, Bergen HR 3rd. Statistical analysis of relative labeled mass spectrometry data from complex samples using ANOVA.. J Proteome Res 2008 Jan;7(1):225-33.
    doi: 10.1021/pr700734fpmc: PMC2528956pubmed: 18173221google scholar: lookup
  32. McGivney BA, Browne JA, Fonseca RG, Katz LM, Machugh DE, Whiston R, Hill EW. MSTN genotypes in Thoroughbred horses influence skeletal muscle gene expression and racetrack performance.. Anim Genet 2012 Dec;43(6):810-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02329.xpubmed: 22497477google scholar: lookup
  33. Luo JL, Hammarqvist F, Andersson K, Wernerman J. Skeletal muscle glutathione after surgical trauma.. Ann Surg 1996 Apr;223(4):420-7.
    doi: 10.1097/00000658-199604000-00011pmc: PMC1235138pubmed: 8633921google scholar: lookup
  34. Hammarqvist F, Luo JL, Cotgreave IA, Andersson K, Wernerman J. Skeletal muscle glutathione is depleted in critically ill patients.. Crit Care Med 1997 Jan;25(1):78-84.
    doi: 10.1097/00003246-199701000-00016pubmed: 8989180google scholar: lookup
  35. Hammarqvist F, Andersson K, Luo JL, Wernerman J. Free amino acid and glutathione concentrations in muscle during short-term starvation and refeeding.. Clin Nutr 2005 Apr;24(2):236-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.10.004pubmed: 15784484google scholar: lookup
  36. Michailidis Y, Karagounis LG, Terzis G, Jamurtas AZ, Spengos K, Tsoukas D, Chatzinikolaou A, Mandalidis D, Stefanetti RJ, Papassotiriou I, Athanasopoulos S, Hawley JA, Russell AP, Fatouros IG. Thiol-based antioxidant supplementation alters human skeletal muscle signaling and attenuates its inflammatory response and recovery after intense eccentric exercise.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 Jul;98(1):233-45.
    doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049163pubmed: 23719546google scholar: lookup
  37. Mårtensson J, Meister A. Mitochondrial damage in muscle occurs after marked depletion of glutathione and is prevented by giving glutathione monoester.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Jan;86(2):471-5.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.2.471pmc: PMC286492pubmed: 2911592google scholar: lookup
  38. Ji LL, Fu R, Mitchell EW. Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle: effects of fiber type and exercise intensity.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 Nov;73(5):1854-9.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1854pubmed: 1474061google scholar: lookup
  39. Dam AD, Mitchell AS, Rush JW, Quadrilatero J. Elevated skeletal muscle apoptotic signaling following glutathione depletion.. Apoptosis 2012 Jan;17(1):48-60.
    doi: 10.1007/s10495-011-0654-5pubmed: 21947977google scholar: lookup
  40. Morin G, Guiraut C, Perez Marcogliese M, Mohamed I, Lavoie JC. Glutathione Supplementation of Parenteral Nutrition Prevents Oxidative Stress and Sustains Protein Synthesis in Guinea Pig Model.. Nutrients 2019 Sep 3;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/nᄉ2063pmc: PMC6770543pubmed: 31484318google scholar: lookup
  41. Marin E, Kretzschmar M, Arokoski J, Hänninen O, Klinger W. Enzymes of glutathione synthesis in dog skeletal muscles and their response to training.. Acta Physiol Scand 1993 Apr;147(4):369-73.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09513.xpubmed: 8098566google scholar: lookup
  42. Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Murray TF, Hostler DP, Crill MT, Ragg KE, Toma K. Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men and women.. J Histochem Cytochem 2000 May;48(5):623-9.
    doi: 10.1177/002215540004800506pubmed: 10769046google scholar: lookup
  43. Aldrich K, Velez-Irizarry D, Fenger C, Schott M, Valberg SJ. Pathways of calcium regulation, electron transport, and mitochondrial protein translation are molecular signatures of susceptibility to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred racehorses.. PLoS One 2021;16(2):e0244556.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244556pmc: PMC7875397pubmed: 33566847google scholar: lookup
  44. Radtke KK, Coles LD, Mishra U, Orchard PJ, Holmay M, Cloyd JC. Interaction of N-acetylcysteine and cysteine in human plasma.. J Pharm Sci 2012 Dec;101(12):4653-9.
    doi: 10.1002/jps.23325pubmed: 23018672google scholar: lookup
  45. Atalay M, Seene T, Hänninen O, Sen CK. Skeletal muscle and heart antioxidant defences in response to sprint training.. Acta Physiol Scand 1996 Oct;158(2):129-34.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1996.540305000.xpubmed: 8899059google scholar: lookup
  46. Medved I, Brown MJ, Bjorksten AR, Murphy KT, Petersen AC, Sostaric S, Gong X, McKenna MJ. N-acetylcysteine enhances muscle cysteine and glutathione availability and attenuates fatigue during prolonged exercise in endurance-trained individuals.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004 Oct;97(4):1477-85.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00371.2004pubmed: 15194675google scholar: lookup
  47. Schubert HL, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. Many paths to methyltransfer: a chronicle of convergence.. Trends Biochem Sci 2003 Jun;28(6):329-35.
    doi: 10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00090-2pmc: PMC2758044pubmed: 12826405google scholar: lookup
  48. Schiaffino S, Reggiani C, Kostrominova TY, Mann M, Murgia M. Mitochondrial specialization revealed by single muscle fiber proteomics: focus on the Krebs cycle.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015 Dec;25 Suppl 4:41-8.
    doi: 10.1111/sms.12606pubmed: 26589116google scholar: lookup
  49. Ezraty B, Gennaris A, Barras F, Collet JF. Oxidative stress, protein damage and repair in bacteria.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017 Jul;15(7):385-396.
    doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.26pubmed: 28420885google scholar: lookup
  50. Cooke M, Iosia M, Buford T, Shelmadine B, Hudson G, Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Leutholtz B, Willoughby D, Kreider R. Effects of acute and 14-day coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance in both trained and untrained individuals.. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008 Mar 4;5:8.
    doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-8pmc: PMC2315638pubmed: 18318910google scholar: lookup
  51. Zhou S, Zhang Y, Davie A, Marshall-Gradisnik S, Hu H, Wang J, Brushett D. Muscle and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration, aerobic power and exercise economy of healthy men in response to four weeks of supplementation.. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005 Sep;45(3):337-46.
    pubmed: 16230985
  52. Montero R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Briones P, Hernández AR, Cordero MD, Trevisson E, Salviati L, Pineda M, García-Cazorla A, Navas P, Artuch R. Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ10 deficiency syndromes.. Clin Biochem 2008 Jun;41(9):697-700.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.007pubmed: 18387363google scholar: lookup
  53. Sinatra ST, Chopra RK, Jankowitz S, Horohov DW, Bhagavan HN. Coenzyme Q10 in Equine Serum: Response to Supplementation.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:71–73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.001google scholar: lookup
  54. Nemec Svete A, Vovk T, Bohar Topolovec M, Kruljc P. Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q(10) Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021 Jun 3;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox10060908pmc: PMC8227526pubmed: 34205129google scholar: lookup
  55. Rooney MF, Porter RK, Katz LM, Hill EW. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics and associations with myostatin genotypes in the Thoroughbred horse.. PLoS One 2017;12(11):e0186247.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186247pmc: PMC5708611pubmed: 29190290google scholar: lookup
  56. Hoopeler H, Jones JH, Lindstedt SL, Claasen H, Longworth KE, Taylor CR, Straub R, Lindholm A. Relating maximal oxygen consumption to skeletal muscle mitochodria in horses.. Equine Exerc. Physiol. 1987;2:278–289.
  57. Fittipaldi S, Mercatelli N, Dimauro I, Jackson MJ, Paronetto MP, Caporossi D. Alpha B-crystallin induction in skeletal muscle cells under redox imbalance is mediated by a JNK-dependent regulatory mechanism.. Free Radic Biol Med 2015 Sep;86:331-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.035pubmed: 26066304google scholar: lookup
  58. Forrest KM, Al-Sarraj S, Sewry C, Buk S, Tan SV, Pitt M, Durward A, McDougall M, Irving M, Hanna MG, Matthews E, Sarkozy A, Hudson J, Barresi R, Bushby K, Jungbluth H, Wraige E. Infantile onset myofibrillar myopathy due to recessive CRYAB mutations.. Neuromuscul Disord 2011 Jan;21(1):37-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.11.003pubmed: 21130652google scholar: lookup
  59. Williams ZJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Gardner K, Valberg SJ. Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic profiling identifies aberrant gene and protein expression in the sarcomere, mitochondrial complex I, and the extracellular matrix in Warmblood horses with myofibrillar myopathy.. BMC Genomics 2021 Jun 11;22(1):438.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-07758-0pmc: PMC8194174pubmed: 34112090google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Deng X, Wu Y, Hu Z, Wang S, Zhou S, Zhou C, Gao X, Huang Y. The mechanism of ferroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2023;14:1191826.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191826pubmed: 37266433google scholar: lookup
  2. Henry ML, Wesolowski LT, Pagan JD, Simons JL, Valberg SJ, White-Springer SH. Impact of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Respiration, Antioxidants, and the Muscle Proteome in Thoroughbred Horses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023 Jan 24;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox12020263pubmed: 36829821google scholar: lookup
  3. Latham CM, Guy CP, Wesolowski LT, White-Springer SH. Fueling equine performance: importance of mitochondrial phenotype in equine athletes. Anim Front 2022 Jun;12(3):6-14.
    doi: 10.1093/af/vfac023pubmed: 35711513google scholar: lookup
  4. Li X, Feng C, Sha H, Zhou T, Zou G, Liang H. Tandem Mass Tagging-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Damage to the Liver and Brain of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Exposed to Acute Hypoxia and Reoxygenation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022 Mar 19;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox11030589pubmed: 35326239google scholar: lookup
  5. Reemtsma FP, Giers J, Horstmann S, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H. Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 22;15(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15131840pubmed: 40646739google scholar: lookup
  6. Castiglione GM, Chen X, Xu Z, Dbouk NH, Bose AA, Carmona-Berrio D, Chi EE, Zhou L, Boronina TN, Cole RN, Wu S, Liu AD, Liu TD, Lu H, Kalbfleisch T, Rinker D, Rokas A, Ortved K, Duh EJ. Running a genetic stop sign accelerates oxygen metabolism and energy production in horses. Science 2025 Mar 28;387(6741):eadr8589.
    doi: 10.1126/science.adr8589pubmed: 40146832google scholar: lookup
  7. Jia Z, Yu X, Wang X, Li J. Therapeutic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Curr Nutr Rep 2024 Dec;13(4):679-690.
    doi: 10.1007/s13668-024-00568-2pubmed: 39227555google scholar: lookup
  8. Fresa K, Catandi GD, Whitcomb L, Gonzalez-Castro RA, Chicco AJ, Carnevale EM. Adiposity in mares induces insulin dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction which can be mitigated by nutritional intervention. Sci Rep 2024 Jun 18;14(1):13992.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64628-xpubmed: 38886475google scholar: lookup
  9. Tavanaeimanesh H, Alinia Z, Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Moosavian H, Mohebi Z, Daneshi M. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing airway inflammation and mucus accumulation in horses with 18 hours of head confinement. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Mar-Apr;38(2):1224-1231.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16976pubmed: 38236790google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.