The open reading frame ORF S3 of equine infectious anemia virus is expressed during the viral life cycle.
Abstract: The genome of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) contains several small open reading frames (ORFs), the importance of which in the development of the virus is not clear. We investigated the possibility that the largest of these ORFs (ORF S3) is expressed during the course of the viral infection. The ORF S3 information was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the antigen was used to raise monospecific antiserum. A 20-kDa protein expressed in cells producing EIAV was identified as the gene product of ORF S3. Furthermore, sera from EIAV-infected animals specifically recognized this protein, indicating that the ORF S3 antigen is expressed in vivo as well. A model for the expression of this new viral antigen is presented. The proposed splicing pattern is similar to that of the VEP-1 protein of maedi-visna-virus, which tempts us to speculate that ORF S3 defines the second exon of the EIAV Rev protein.
Publication Date: 1990-12-01 PubMed ID: 2173797PubMed Central: PMC248813DOI: 10.1128/JVI.64.12.6319-6324.1990Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research examines the role of the Open Reading Frame (ORF) S3 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) during the virus’ life cycle, revealing that it is expressed during viral infection and could be crucial to the development of the virus.
Examining the Role of ORF S3 in EIAV
- The study analyzed the role of various small open reading frames (ORFs) that exist within the genome of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). ORFs are portions of the virus’s genome which could potentially be translated into proteins.
- In this context, the researchers were particularly interested in a specific ORF called S3 which is the largest among these ORFs. The aimed to decipher if ORF S3 was expressed or manifested during a viral infection.
Experimental Approach
- To test this, the researchers expressed the information from ORF S3 in a common lab bacterium, Escherichia coli. This allowed them to study the protein product formed as a result of this expression.
- Subsequently, the researchers used the produced antigen to create an antiserum which is a blood serum containing antibodies against the specific antigen. The goal here was to see if this antiserum could recognize a protein in cells infected with EIAV.
Findings
- A 20-kDa protein present in EIAV producing cells was identified to be the product of the ORF S3 gene. The identification of this protein confirmed that ORF S3 is indeed expressed during viral infection.
- Importantly, this protein was also recognized by sera from EIAV-infected animals, confirming its expression in vivo, or in a live animal, not just in the lab.
Implications and Future Work
- The research team proposed a model for explaining the expression of the newly discovered viral antigen. They suggested that the gene makeup of ORF S3 could actually be defining the second exon of the EIAV Rev protein.
- Exons are segments of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence. Therefore, the researchers suggest that ORF S3 might be vital in the formation of a major viral protein.
- These findings give insights on the potentially important roles of little-studied regions of viral genomes. They suggest that future research on viral ORFs could uncover new strategies for combating viral diseases.
Cite This Article
APA
Saman E, Breugelmans K, Heyndrickx L, Merregaert J.
(1990).
The open reading frame ORF S3 of equine infectious anemia virus is expressed during the viral life cycle.
J Virol, 64(12), 6319-6324.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.64.12.6319-6324.1990 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- N.V. Innogenetics Research Laboratories, Antwerp, Belgium.
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Escherichia coli / genetics
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Horses
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / isolation & purification
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Protein Conformation
- Restriction Mapping
- Viral Proteins / genetics
References
This article includes 28 references
- Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.. Nature 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5.
- Kawakami T, Sherman L, Dahlberg J, Gazit A, Yaniv A, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Nucleotide sequence analysis of equine infectious anemia virus proviral DNA.. Virology 1987 Jun;158(2):300-12.
- Gottesman S, Gottesman M, Shaw JE, Pearson ML. Protein degradation in E. coli: the lon mutation and bacteriophage lambda N and cII protein stability.. Cell 1981 Apr;24(1):225-33.
- Remaut E, Stanssens P, Fiers W. Plasmid vectors for high-efficiency expression controlled by the PL promoter of coliphage lambda.. Gene 1981 Oct;15(1):81-93.
- Mount SM. A catalogue of splice junction sequences.. Nucleic Acids Res 1982 Jan 22;10(2):459-72.
- Stanley KK, Luzio JP. Construction of a new family of high efficiency bacterial expression vectors: identification of cDNA clones coding for human liver proteins.. EMBO J 1984 Jun;3(6):1429-34.
- Nilsson B, Abrahmsén L, Uhlén M. Immobilization and purification of enzymes with staphylococcal protein A gene fusion vectors.. EMBO J 1985 Apr;4(4):1075-80.
- Chiu IM, Yaniv A, Dahlberg JE, Gazit A, Skuntz SF, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Nucleotide sequence evidence for relationship of AIDS retrovirus to lentiviruses.. Nature 1985 Sep 26-Oct 2;317(6035):366-8.
- Stephens RM, Casey JW, Rice NR. Equine infectious anemia virus gag and pol genes: relatedness to visna and AIDS virus.. Science 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):589-94.
- Arya SK, Gallo RC. Three novel genes of human T-lymphotropic virus type III: immune reactivity of their products with sera from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 Apr;83(7):2209-13.
- Goh WC, Rosen C, Sodroski J, Ho DD, Haseltine WA. Identification of a protein encoded by the trans activator gene tatIII of human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III.. J Virol 1986 Jul;59(1):181-4.
- Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Dayton A, Terwilliger E, Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication.. Nature 1986 May 22-28;321(6068):412-7.
- Aldovini A, Debouck C, Feinberg MB, Rosenberg M, Arya SK, Wong-Staal F. Synthesis of the complete trans-activation gene product of human T-lymphotropic virus type III in Escherichia coli: demonstration of immunogenicity in vivo and expression in vitro.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 Sep;83(18):6672-6.
- Dunn SD. Effects of the modification of transfer buffer composition and the renaturation of proteins in gels on the recognition of proteins on Western blots by monoclonal antibodies.. Anal Biochem 1986 Aug 15;157(1):144-53.
- Sherman L, Gazit A, Yaniv A, Kawakami T, Dahlberg JE, Tronick SR. Localization of sequences responsible for trans-activation of the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat.. J Virol 1988 Jan;62(1):120-6.
- Dorn PL, Derse D. cis- and trans-acting regulation of gene expression of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1988 Sep;62(9):3522-6.
- Mazarin V, Gourdou I, Quérat G, Sauze N, Vigne R. Genetic structure and function of an early transcript of visna virus.. J Virol 1988 Dec;62(12):4813-8.
- Ruben S, Perkins A, Purcell R, Joung K, Sia R, Burghoff R, Haseltine WA, Rosen CA. Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein.. J Virol 1989 Jan;63(1):1-8.
- Green M, Loewenstein PM. Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein.. Cell 1988 Dec 23;55(6):1179-88.
- Davis JL, Clements JE. Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the visna virus transactivating protein.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Jan;86(2):414-8.
- Nilsson B, Moks T, Jansson B, Abrahmsén L, Elmblad A, Holmgren E, Henrichson C, Jones TA, Uhlén M. A synthetic IgG-binding domain based on staphylococcal protein A.. Protein Eng 1987 Feb-Mar;1(2):107-13.
- Sargan DR, Bennet ID. A transcriptional map of visna virus: definition of the second intron structure suggests a rev-like gene product.. J Gen Virol 1989 Aug;70 ( Pt 8):1995-2006.
- Dasso MC, Jackson RJ. Efficient initiation of mammalian mRNA translation at a CUG codon.. Nucleic Acids Res 1989 Aug 25;17(16):6485-97.
- Delchambre M, Gheysen D, Thines D, Thiriart C, Jacobs E, Verdin E, Horth M, Burny A, Bex F. The GAG precursor of simian immunodeficiency virus assembles into virus-like particles.. EMBO J 1989 Sep;8(9):2653-60.
- Terwilliger E, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Haseltine WA. Effects of mutations within the 3' orf open reading frame region of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) on replication and cytopathogenicity.. J Virol 1986 Nov;60(2):754-60.
- Rushlow K, Olsen K, Stiegler G, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Lentivirus genomic organization: the complete nucleotide sequence of the env gene region of equine infectious anemia virus.. Virology 1986 Dec;155(2):309-21.
- Guyader M, Emerman M, Sonigo P, Clavel F, Montagnier L, Alizon M. Genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2.. Nature 1987 Apr 16-22;326(6114):662-9.
- Malmquist WA, Barnett D, Becvar CS. Production of equine infectious anemia antigen in a persistently infected cell line.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;42(4):361-70.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- van Gelder P, Bosman F, de Meuter F, van Heuverswyn H, Hérion P. Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis by using a recombinant form of the 54-kilodalton rhoptry antigen expressed in Escherichia coli.. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Jan;31(1):9-15.
- Carroll R, Derse D. Translation of equine infectious anemia virus bicistronic tat-rev mRNA requires leaky ribosome scanning of the tat CTG initiation codon.. J Virol 1993 Mar;67(3):1433-40.
- Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus.. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
- Perry ST, Flaherty MT, Kelley MJ, Clabough DL, Tronick SR, Coggins L, Whetter L, Lengel CR, Fuller F. The surface envelope protein gene region of equine infectious anemia virus is not an important determinant of tropism in vitro.. J Virol 1992 Jul;66(7):4085-97.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
