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Home / Equine Research Bank / Nature / The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western E...
Nature2021; 598(7882); 634-640; doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Abstract: Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture.
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-10-20 PubMed ID: 34671162PubMed Central: PMC8550961DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article explores the origins and spread of domestic horses, tracing their homeland to the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region. The study disputes previously held beliefs, detailing that the domestication of horses actually coincided with the rapid spread of these animals across Eurasia around 2000 BC, alongside the rise of equestrian culture.

Background and Purpose of the Study

  • The study sets out to unravel mysteries around the domestication of horses, an event which greatly altered long-range mobility and warfare. The origins of modern domestic horses have remained unclear, with evidence contradicting early theories about regions like Botai, Central Asia.
  • The researchers aim to determine the genetic, geographic, and temporal origins of these horses, as well as mapping the population changes that came with domestication.

Findings of the Study

  • The study pinpoints the Western Eurasian steppes, particularly the lower Volga-Don region, as the likely homeland of modern domestic horses.
  • It analyses 273 ancient horse genomes to illustrate population changes following domestication.
  • The findings suggest that domestic horses replaced virtually all other local populations as they swiftly expanded across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with the rise of equestrian material culture.
  • Strong selection for crucial locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes were noted, indicating a strong focus on equestrianism as part of this widespread cultural transition.

Implications and Conclusions

  • The research contradicts the often-accepted relationship between horseback riding and the large-scale expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC, which was previously thought to have carried the spread of Indo-European languages.
  • This contrasts with the scenario in Asia, where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots, and horses spread together following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture.
  • The researchers’ findings offer significant insight into the historical interaction between human cultures and domesticated animals, in this case highlighting horses’ central role in the development and spread of significant aspects of human culture and travel.

Cite This Article

APA
Librado P, Khan N, Fages A, Kusliy MA, Suchan T, Tonasso-Calvière L, Schiavinato S, Alioglu D, Fromentier A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Gaunitz C, Chauvey L, Seguin-Orlando A, Der Sarkissian C, Southon J, Shapiro B, Tishkin AA, Kovalev AA, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Seregély T, Klassen L, Iversen R, Bignon-Lau O, Bodu P, Olive M, Castel JC, Boudadi-Maligne M, Alvarez N, Germonpré M, Moskal-Del Hoyo M, Wilczyński J, Pospuła S, Lasota-Kuś A, Tunia K, Nowak M, Rannamäe E, Saarma U, Boeskorov G, Lōugas L, Kyselý R, Peške L, Bălășescu A, Dumitrașcu V, Dobrescu R, Gerber D, Kiss V, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mende BG, Gallina Z, Somogyi K, Kulcsár G, Gál E, Bendrey R, Allentoft ME, Sirbu G, Dergachev V, Shephard H, Tomadini N, Grouard S, Kasparov A, Basilyan AE, Anisimov MA, Nikolskiy PA, Pavlova EY, Pitulko V, Brem G, Wallner B, Schwall C, Keller M, Kitagawa K, Bessudnov AN, Bessudnov A, Taylor W, Magail J, Gantulga JO, Bayarsaikhan J, Erdenebaatar D, Tabaldiev K, Mijiddorj E, Boldgiv B, Tsagaan T, Pruvost M, Olsen S, Makarewicz CA, Valenzuela Lamas S, Albizuri Canadell S, Nieto Espinet A, Iborra MP, Lira Garrido J, Rodríguez González E, Celestino S, Olària C, Arsuaga JL, Kotova N, Pryor A, Crabtree P, Zhumatayev R, Toleubaev A, Morgunova NL, Kuznetsova T, Lordkipanize D, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Davoudi H, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Haak W, Morales-Muñiz A, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Graphodatsky AS, Peters J, Kiryushin KY, Iderkhangai TO, Bokovenko NA, Vasiliev SK, Seregin NN, Chugunov KV, Plasteeva NA, Baryshnikov GF, Petrova E, Sablin M, Ananyevskaya E, Logvin A, Shevnina I, Logvin V, Kalieva S, Loman V, Kukushkin I, Merz I, Merz V, Sakenov S, Varfolomeyev V, Usmanova E, Zaibert V, Arbuckle B, Belinskiy AB, Kalmykov A, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Yudin AI, Vybornov AA, Epimakhov A, Berezina NS, Roslyakova N, Kosintsev PA, Kuznetsov PF, Anthony D, Kroonen GJ, Kristiansen K, Wincker P, Outram A, Orlando L. (2021). The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature, 598(7882), 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9

Publication

Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
NlmUniqueID: 0410462
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 598
Issue: 7882
Pages: 634-640

Researcher Affiliations

Librado, Pablo
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Khan, Naveed
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
  • Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
Fages, Antoine
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Kusliy, Mariya A
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Suchan, Tomasz
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
  • W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Tonasso-Calvière, Laure
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Schiavinato, Stéphanie
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Alioglu, Duha
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Fromentier, Aurore
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Perdereau, Aude
  • Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
Aury, Jean-Marc
  • Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
Gaunitz, Charleen
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Chauvey, Lorelei
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Der Sarkissian, Clio
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Southon, John
  • Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Shapiro, Beth
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
Tishkin, Alexey A
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Kovalev, Alexey A
  • Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Alquraishi, Saleh
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alfarhan, Ahmed H
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Rasheid, Khaled A S
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Seregély, Timo
  • Institute for Archaeology, Heritage Conservation Studies and Art History, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
Klassen, Lutz
  • Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark.
Iversen, Rune
  • Saxo Institute, section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bignon-Lau, Olivier
  • ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
Bodu, Pierre
  • ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
Olive, Monique
  • ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
Castel, Jean-Christophe
  • Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Secteur des Vertébrés, Geneva, Switzerland.
Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam
  • UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.
Alvarez, Nadir
  • Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Germonpré, Mietje
  • OD Earth & History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena
  • W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Wilczyński, Jarosław
  • Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Pospuła, Sylwia
  • Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Lasota-Kuś, Anna
  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Tunia, Krzysztof
  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Nowak, Marek
  • Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Rannamäe, Eve
  • Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Tartu, Estonia.
Saarma, Urmas
  • Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Boeskorov, Gennady
  • Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia.
Lōugas, Lembi
  • Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia.
Kyselý, René
  • Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
Peške, Lubomír
  • , Prague, Czechia.
Bălășescu, Adrian
  • Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
Dumitrașcu, Valentin
  • Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
Dobrescu, Roxana
  • Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
Gerber, Daniel
  • Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Kiss, Viktória
  • Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna
  • Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
Mende, Balázs G
  • Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
Gallina, Zsolt
  • Ásatárs Ltd., Kecskemét, Hungary.
Somogyi, Krisztina
  • Rippl-Rónai Municipal Museum with Country Scope, Kaposvár, Hungary.
Kulcsár, Gabriella
  • Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
Gál, Erika
  • Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
Bendrey, Robin
  • School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
Allentoft, Morten E
  • Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sirbu, Ghenadie
  • Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova.
Dergachev, Valentin
  • Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova.
Shephard, Henry
  • Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA, USA.
Tomadini, Noémie
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Grouard, Sandrine
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Kasparov, Aleksei
  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
Basilyan, Alexander E
  • Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Anisimov, Mikhail A
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
Nikolskiy, Pavel A
  • Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Pavlova, Elena Y
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
Pitulko, Vladimir
  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
Brem, Gottfried
  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Wallner, Barbara
  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Schwall, Christoph
  • Department of Prehistory and Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
Keller, Marcel
  • Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
Kitagawa, Keiko
  • SFB 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
  • Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
  • UMR 7194 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France.
Bessudnov, Alexander N
  • Semenov-Tyan-Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia.
Bessudnov, Alexander
  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
Taylor, William
  • Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Magail, Jérome
  • Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.
Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo
  • Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav
  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Chinggis Khaan Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav
  • Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek
  • Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar
  • Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Boldgiv, Bazartseren
  • Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Tsagaan, Turbat
  • Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Pruvost, Mélanie
  • UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.
Olsen, Sandra
  • Division of Archaeology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
Makarewicz, Cheryl A
  • Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
  • ROOTS Excellence Cluster, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia
  • Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Institució Milà i Fontanals d'Humanitats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
Albizuri Canadell, Silvia
  • Departament d'Història i Arqueologia-SERP, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Nieto Espinet, Ariadna
  • Grup d'Investigació Prehistòrica, Universitat de Lleida, PID2019-110022GB-I00, Lleida, Spain.
Iborra, Ma Pilar
  • , Valencia, Spain.
Lira Garrido, Jaime
  • Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
  • Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain.
Rodríguez González, Esther
  • Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain.
Celestino, Sebastián
  • Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain.
Olària, Carmen
  • Laboratori d'Arqueologia Prehistòrica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
Arsuaga, Juan Luis
  • Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain.
  • Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Kotova, Nadiia
  • Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Pryor, Alexander
  • Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Crabtree, Pam
  • Center for the Study of Human Origins, Anthropology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Zhumatayev, Rinat
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Toleubaev, Abdesh
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Morgunova, Nina L
  • Scientific Research Department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia.
Kuznetsova, Tatiana
  • Department of paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
  • Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Lordkipanize, David
  • Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Marzullo, Matilde
  • Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
Prato, Ornella
  • Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna
  • Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
Tecchiati, Umberto
  • Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
Clavel, Benoit
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Lepetz, Sébastien
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
Davoudi, Hossein
  • University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran.
Mashkour, Marjan
  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
  • University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran.
Berezina, Natalia Ya
  • Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Stockhammer, Philipp W
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
  • Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany.
Krause, Johannes
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Haak, Wolfgang
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
  • School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Morales-Muñiz, Arturo
  • Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Benecke, Norbert
  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Hofreiter, Michael
  • Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Ludwig, Arne
  • Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
  • Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Graphodatsky, Alexander S
  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Peters, Joris
  • ArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany.
Kiryushin, Kirill Yu
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir
  • Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Bokovenko, Nikolay A
  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
Vasiliev, Sergey K
  • ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn International Research Laboratory, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Seregin, Nikolai N
  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
Chugunov, Konstantin V
  • Department of Eastern European and Siberian Archaeology, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia.
Plasteeva, Natalya A
  • Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Baryshnikov, Gennady F
  • Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
Petrova, Ekaterina
  • Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Sablin, Mikhail
  • Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
Ananyevskaya, Elina
  • Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Logvin, Andrey
  • Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
Shevnina, Irina
  • Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
Logvin, Victor
  • Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia.
Kalieva, Saule
  • Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia.
Loman, Valeriy
  • Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
Kukushkin, Igor
  • Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
Merz, Ilya
  • Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
Merz, Victor
  • Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
Sakenov, Sergazy
  • Faculty of History, L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
Varfolomeyev, Victor
  • Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
Usmanova, Emma
  • Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
Zaibert, Viktor
  • Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Arbuckle, Benjamin
  • Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Belinskiy, Andrey B
  • Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
Kalmykov, Alexej
  • Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
Reinhold, Sabine
  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Hansen, Svend
  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Yudin, Aleksandr I
  • Research Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Saratov, Russia.
Vybornov, Alekandr A
  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
Epimakhov, Andrey
  • Russian and Foreign History Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
  • South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Berezina, Natalia S
  • Archaeological School, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, Cheboksary, Russia.
Roslyakova, Natalia
  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
Kosintsev, Pavel A
  • Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
  • Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Kuznetsov, Pavel F
  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
Anthony, David
  • Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  • Anthropology Faculty, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA.
Kroonen, Guus J
  • Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Kristiansen, Kristian
  • Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Wincker, Patrick
  • Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
Outram, Alan
  • Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Archaeology
  • Asia
  • DNA, Ancient
  • Domestication
  • Europe
  • Genetics, Population
  • Genome
  • Grassland
  • Horses / genetics
  • Phylogeny

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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