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International journal of environmental research and public health2022; 19(17); 10803; doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710803

The Relevance of Internal Working Models of Self and Others for Equine-Assisted Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.

Abstract: Attachment characteristics play a key role in mental health and in understanding mental disorders. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the role the attachment characteristics can play in treatment effects in adult patients with intrapsychic and interpersonal problems who underwent Equine-assisted Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (ESTPP). In the first part of the study, we compared the effects of ESTPP to treatment-as-usual from a previous dataset regarding psychological dysfunction. For this, an explorative experimental non-randomized pre-treatment and 1-year post-treatment design was used. A mixed model revealed a significant decline in psychological dysfunction for both conditions, with no significant difference between the two. In the second part of the study, we examined the course of ESTPP effects over the period of 1 year when controlled for attachment styles and, subsequently, for internal working models of self and others. To this end, measurements were taken at baseline, 2 months waiting time, one-week intensive module, 6 months, and one year after the start of the treatment. Mixed models accounted for repeated measures showed significant improvements in psychological dysfunction, remoralization, and depression for ESTPP patients over time. The study implies that models of self and others may be used to predict the course of effects, which is relevant in determining what works for whom. In particularly, duration and intensity of therapy and a focus on the Model of Self seem relevant for shaping a more personalized treatment. ESTPP seems beneficial for patients with low pre-treatment attachment security.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-30 PubMed ID: 36078534PubMed Central: PMC9518159DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710803Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores how attachment characteristics can influence the outcomes of Equine-assisted Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (ESTPP) in adults experiencing intrapsychic and interpersonal challenges. The findings suggest that personalized therapy focusing on self-perception may increase the effectiveness of ESTPP, particularly for patients with pre-existing attachment insecurity.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The study was conducted in two parts. It utilized an exploratory non-randomized pre-treatment and 1-year post-treatment design.
  • In the first part of the study, the research team compared the effects of ESTPP with a conventional treatment using data from a past dataset regarding psychological dysfunction.
  • In the second part, they examined the workability of ESTPP over a one-year period while adjusting for attachment styles and internal working models of patients’ self-perception and their perception of others.
  • Data collection points included baseline measurements, after a 2-month waiting period, one-week intensive module, 6 months, and one year after initiating the treatment.

Key Findings

  • The first part of the study revealed that there was a significant reduction in psychological dysfunction in both ESTPP and the traditional treatment groups, with no substantive difference between the two groups.
  • The second part of the study found that ESTPP led to key improvements over time in areas of psychological dysfunction, remoralization, and depression.
  • Internal models of self and others’ perception were identified as predictive factors in determining the course of treatment outcomes.
  • ESTPP was especially beneficial for patients with low pre-treatment attachment security.

Implications

  • The study suggests that internal working models of self and others may be used to predict the course of treatment effects, which is vital in determining the ideal treatment approach for each patient.
  • Particularly, the duration and intensity of therapy and a focus on the Model of Self seem relevant for shaping a more personalized treatment.
  • In that regard, the research implies that personalized treatment could enhance the overall efficacy of ESTPP.

Cite This Article

APA
Kovács G, van Dijke A, Leontjevas R, Enders-Slegers MJ. (2022). The Relevance of Internal Working Models of Self and Others for Equine-Assisted Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(17), 10803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710803

Publication

International journal of environmental research and public health
ISSN: 1660-4601
NlmUniqueID: 101238455
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 17
PII: 10803

Researcher Affiliations

Kovács, Géza
  • Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
  • SPEL Psychologen Putten, 3881 NE Putten, The Netherlands.
van Dijke, Annemiek
  • PsyQ I-Psy Brijder The Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leontjevas, Roeslan
  • Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Enders-Slegers, Marie-José
  • Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Equine-Assisted Therapy
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Mental Disorders / therapy
  • Mental Health
  • Psychotherapy
  • Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic
  • Treatment Outcome

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Kogstad N, Christiansen SE, Ulberg R, Fiskum C. Therapists' reasons for including horses into psychotherapy, a qualitative study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2025 Nov 27;26(1):20.
    doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05185-2pubmed: 41310576google scholar: lookup
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