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Frontiers in veterinary science2022; 9; 832062; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.832062

The Role of Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in the Immunity of Equine Animals Infected With Horse Botflies.

Abstract: The microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in regulating the host metabolism and immunity. However, the underlying mechanism is still not well studied. Thus, we conducted the LC-MS/MS analysis and RNA-seq analysis on with and without horse botfly infestation to determine the metabolites produced by intestinal microbiota in feces and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the immune response in blood and attempted to link them together. The results showed that parasite infection could change the composition of microbial metabolites. These identified metabolites could be divided into six categories, including compounds with biological roles, bioactive peptides, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, phytochemical compounds, and lipids. The three pathways involving most metabolites were lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. The significant differences between the host with and without parasites were shown in 31 metabolites with known functions, which were related to physiological activities of the host. For the gene analysis, we found that parasite infection could alarm the host immune response. The gene of "cathepsin W" involved in innate and adaptive immune responses was upregulated. The two genes of the following functions were downregulated: "protein S100-A8" and "protein S100-A9-like isoform X2" involved in chemokine and cytokine production, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and immune and inflammatory responses. GO and KEGG analyses showed that immune-related functions of defense response and Th17 cell differentiation had significant differences between the host with and without parasites, respectively. Last, the relationship between metabolites and genes was determined in this study. The purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism contained the most altered metabolites and DEGs, which mainly influenced the conversion of ATP, ADP, AMP, GTP, GMP, GDP, UTP, UDP, UMP, dTTP, dTDP, dTMP, and RNA. Thus, it could be concluded that parasitic infection can change the intestinal microbial metabolic activity and enhance immune response of the host through the pathway of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. This results will be a valuable contribution to understanding the bidirectional association of the parasite, intestinal microbiota, and host.
Copyright © 2022 Hu, Tang, Wang, Qi, Ente, Li, Zhang, Li and Chu.
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Publication Date: 2022-06-22 PubMed ID: 35812868PubMed Central: PMC9257286DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.832062Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on understanding how infection by horse botflies influences the composition of intestinal microbial metabolites in horses and subsequently affects their immune response.

Objective and Methodology

  • The study aims to understand the role that intestinal microbial metabolites play in the immunity of equine animals infected with horse botflies.
  • The authors used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing to analyze samples from horses with and without botfly infestation.
  • The metabolites produced by intestinal microbiota found in feces and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) contributing to the immune response in blood were meticulously studied.

Findings on Metabolites

  • The research indicates that parasite infection can alter the composition of microbial metabolites.
  • These metabolites were sorted into six categories: compounds with biological roles, bioactive peptides, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, phytochemical compounds, and lipids.
  • From these categories, most metabolites played a part in three distinct pathways: lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites.
  • 31 metabolites with known functions displayed significant differences in hosts with parasites compared to those without, indicating a correlation between parasite infestation and changes in physiological activities.

Findings on Gene Analysis

  • The study found that the host’s immune response could be alerted by parasite infection.
  • The “cathepsin W” gene, which plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses, was upregulated.
  • Conversely, two genes associated with chemokine and cytokine production and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway (“protein S100-A8” and “protein S100-A9-like isoform X2”) were downregulated.
  • The variances in immune-related functions of defense response and Th17 cell differentiation between hosts with and without parasites were also noteworthy.

Conclusion

  • The study determined the relationship between metabolites and genes, noting that purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism showed the most alterations in metabolites and DEGs.
  • These changes primarily influenced the conversion of several nucleotides, including ATP, ADP, AMP, GTP, GMP, GDP, UTP, UDP, UMP, dTTP, dTDP, dTMP, and RNA.
  • Overall, the findings confirm that parasitic infection can affect the intestinal microbial metabolic activity and bolster the host’s immunity via the pathway of purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
  • This research provides significant insight into the interaction between parasites, intestinal microbiota, and their host, contributing valuable knowledge to the field.

Cite This Article

APA
Hu D, Tang Y, Wang C, Qi Y, Ente M, Li X, Zhang D, Li K, Chu H. (2022). The Role of Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in the Immunity of Equine Animals Infected With Horse Botflies. Front Vet Sci, 9, 832062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.832062

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 832062
PII: 832062

Researcher Affiliations

Hu, Dini
  • Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
Tang, Yujun
  • Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China.
Wang, Chen
  • Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China.
Qi, Yingjie
  • Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China.
Ente, Make
  • Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China.
Li, Xuefeng
  • Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China.
Zhang, Dong
  • Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
Li, Kai
  • Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
Chu, Hongjun
  • Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Ürümqi, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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