Theoretical MRI contrast model for exogenous T2 agents.
Abstract: The rational development of new generations of MRI contrast agents (CAs) requires a scheme for predicting contrast enhancement. Previous contrast predictions have been based largely on empirical results in specific systems. Here we present a general theoretical model for evaluating the minimum concentration of T2 CA required for satisfactory image contrast. This analytic contrast model is applicable to a wide range of T2-type agents and delivery scenarios, and requires only a few readily evaluated parameters. We demonstrated the model by predicting contrast produced by superparamagnetic ferumoxide and the iron storage protein, ferritin. We then experimentally verified the predictions using suspensions of Feridex(R) and ferritin in phantoms. The model was also used to compare the contrast efficacy of the metal ions in two clinically approved T1- and T2-type CAs. In the Appendix we present a numerical formalism that is useful for relating image contrast and agent concentration when gradient-echo (GRE) T2*-weighted (T2*W) pulse sequences are used.
Copyright (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Publication Date: 2007-01-30 PubMed ID: 17260382DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21145Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article presents the development of a theoretical model aimed at predicting the contrast enhancement in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) through the use of contrast agents (CAs). The model, unlike previous ones, is general and can be applied to a variety of T2-type contrast agents and differing delivery scenarios. The authors demonstrated the model using ferumoxide and ferritin, later verifying the predictions using their suspensions in phantoms. The model was further used to compare contrast efficacy between two metal ions in approved T2-type and T1-type contrast agents.
Theoretical Model for MRI Contrast
- The paper discusses a newly developed theoretical model that is designed to predict the contrast enhancement in MRI using CAs. This model is not confined to a specific system, unlike previous ones which were based on empirical results.
- The model requires only a few parameters that are easily evaluated, making it a potentially valuable tool in the field. It sets the stage for the development of new generation MRI contrast agents.
- The model points out the minimum concentration of T2 CA required for satisfactory image contrast. It means understanding this could optimize the use of CAs, thereby reducing costs and adverse effects in patients.
Verification and Application of the Model
- The researchers used superparamagnetic ferumoxide and the iron storage protein, ferritin, to demonstrate the applicability of the model.
- Experimental verification was undertaken through the use of suspensions of Feridex(R) and ferritin in phantoms.
- The model was not only proven valid in predicting the contrast but also handy in comparing the contrast efficacy of two different metal ions in clinically approved T1- and T2-type CAs. It gives the model broader applicability and utility in MRI imaging.
Numerical Formalism
- In the appendix, the researchers also present a numerical formalism. Its function is to relate image contrast and agent concentration when gradient-echo (GRE) T2*-weighted (T2*W) pulse sequences are used in an MRI.
- This additional feature of the research enhances the model’s utility, especially in situations where GRE T2*W sequences are employed.
Cite This Article
APA
Mills PH, Ahrens ET.
(2007).
Theoretical MRI contrast model for exogenous T2 agents.
Magn Reson Med, 57(2), 442-447.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21145 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Contrast Media / administration & dosage
- Dextrans
- Ferritins / administration & dosage
- Ferrosoferric Oxide
- Horses
- Iron / administration & dosage
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging / methods
- Magnetite Nanoparticles
- Models, Theoretical
- Oxides / administration & dosage
- Phantoms, Imaging
Grant Funding
- P41-EB001977 / NIBIB NIH HHS
- P50-ES012359 / NIEHS NIH HHS
- R01-EBG005740 / PHS HHS
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Wang Z, Gao H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Niu G, Chen X. Functional ferritin nanoparticles for biomedical applications.. Front Chem Sci Eng 2017 Dec;11(4):633-646.
- Mukherjee A, Davis HC, Ramesh P, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG. Biomolecular MRI reporters: Evolution of new mechanisms.. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2017 Nov;102-103:32-42.
- Lee CH, Bengtsson N, Chrzanowski SM, Flint JJ, Walter GA, Blackband SJ. Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (MRM) of Single Mammalian Myofibers and Myonuclei.. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 3;7:39496.
- Daryaei I, Randtke EA, Pagel MD. A biomarker-responsive T(2ex) MRI contrast agent.. Magn Reson Med 2017 Apr;77(4):1665-1670.
- Sinharay S, Pagel MD. Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents for Biomarker Detection.. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2016 Jun 12;9(1):95-115.
- Hingorani DV, Bernstein AS, Pagel MD. A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014.. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2015 Jul-Aug;10(4):245-65.
- Bu L, Shen B, Cheng Z. Fluorescent imaging of cancerous tissues for targeted surgery.. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014 Sep 30;76:21-38.
- Hingorani DV, Yoo B, Bernstein AS, Pagel MD. Detecting enzyme activities with exogenous MRI contrast agents.. Chemistry 2014 Aug 4;20(32):9840-50.
- Dixit S, Das M, Alwarappan S, Goicochea NL, Howell M, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra S. Phospholipid micelle encapsulated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles for imaging and gene delivery.. RSC Adv 2013 Feb 28;3(8):2727-2735.
- Iordanova B, Goins WF, Clawson DS, Hitchens TK, Ahrens ET. Quantification of HSV-1-mediated expression of the ferritin MRI reporter in the mouse brain.. Gene Ther 2013 Jun;20(6):589-96.
- Kessinger CW, Togao O, Khemtong C, Huang G, Takahashi M, Gao J. Investigation of In Vivo Targeting Kinetics of α(v)β(3)-Specific Superparamagnetic Nanoprobes by Time-Resolved MRI.. Theranostics 2011 Apr 24;1:263-73.
- Iordanova B, Robison CS, Ahrens ET. Design and characterization of a chimeric ferritin with enhanced iron loading and transverse NMR relaxation rate.. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010 Aug;15(6):957-65.
- Olson ES, Jiang T, Aguilera TA, Nguyen QT, Ellies LG, Scadeng M, Tsien RY. Activatable cell penetrating peptides linked to nanoparticles as dual probes for in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging of proteases.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 Mar 2;107(9):4311-6.
- Gore JC, Yankeelov TE, Peterson TE, Avison MJ. Molecular imaging without radiopharmaceuticals?. J Nucl Med 2009 Jun;50(6):999-1007.
- Liu W, Frank JA. Detection and quantification of magnetically labeled cells by cellular MRI.. Eur J Radiol 2009 May;70(2):258-64.
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