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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(15); 2147; doi: 10.3390/ani14152147

Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Domestic Animals.

Abstract: Recently, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been extensively studied in both human and veterinary medicine. EVs are nano-sized particles containing biological components commonly found in other biological materials. For that reason, EV isolation and characterization are critical to draw precise conclusions during their investigation. Research on EVs within veterinary medicine is still considered in its early phases, yet numerous papers were published in recent years. The conventional adult tissues for deriving MSCs include adipose tissue and bone marrow. Nonetheless, alternative sources such as synovial fluid, endometrium, gingiva, and milk have also been intermittently used. Fetal adnexa are amniotic membrane/fluid, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly. Cells derived from fetal adnexa exhibit an intermediate state between embryonic and adult cells, demonstrating higher proliferative and differentiative potential and longer telomeres compared to cells from adult tissues. Summarized here are the principal and recent preclinical and clinical studies performed in domestic animals such as horse, cattle, dog and cat. To minimize the use of antibiotics and address the serious issue of antibiotic resistance as a public health concern, they will undoubtedly also be utilized in the future to treat infections in domestic animals. A number of concerns, including large-scale production with standardization of EV separation and characterization techniques, must be resolved for clinical application.
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Publication Date: 2024-07-24 PubMed ID: 39123673PubMed Central: PMC11310970DOI: 10.3390/ani14152147Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) shows promising potential for treating diseases in domestic animals like horses, cattle, dogs, and cats. This research reviews recent studies and discusses challenges in isolating and standardizing EVs for veterinary clinical applications.

Introduction to Extracellular Vesicles and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny particles released by cells containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, playing roles in intercellular communication.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into various cell types and secrete EVs with therapeutic properties.
  • EVs derived from MSCs can mimic beneficial effects of stem cell therapy without the risks related to cell transplantation.
  • EVs are found in multiple biological materials, necessitating precise isolation and characterization methods to ensure purity and functionality.

Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for EV Production

  • Traditional adult tissue sources for MSC isolation include:
    • Adipose (fat) tissue
    • Bone marrow
  • Alternative tissue sources that have been explored:
    • Synovial fluid (joint fluid)
    • Endometrium (lining of the uterus)
    • Gingiva (gum tissue)
    • Milk
  • Fetal adnexa-derived MSCs come from:
    • Amniotic membrane and fluid
    • Umbilical cord
    • Wharton’s jelly (a gelatinous substance inside the umbilical cord)
  • Fetal adnexa MSCs:
    • Are intermediate between embryonic and adult stem cells
    • Show higher proliferation and differentiation capabilities
    • Have longer telomeres, indicating potentially greater replicative lifespan

Current Research and Applications in Veterinary Medicine

  • Research involving EVs from MSCs is still in early stages in veterinary medicine, though the number of publications has increased recently.
  • Domestic animals studied include:
    • Horses
    • Cattle
    • Dogs
    • Cats
  • Preclinical and clinical studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of MSC-derived EVs for various conditions in these animals.
  • Potential therapeutic uses include:
    • Wound healing and tissue regeneration
    • Modulation of immune responses
    • Treatment of inflammatory diseases
    • Antimicrobial therapy to reduce reliance on antibiotics

Implications for Antibiotic Resistance and Future Uses

  • Reducing the use of antibiotics in domestic animals is critical to combat increasing antibiotic resistance, a major public health concern.
  • MSC-derived EVs may serve as alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotics by enhancing immune defense or exerting direct antimicrobial effects.
  • This application could have significant benefits for animal health and food safety.

Challenges and Considerations for Clinical Application

  • Large-scale production of EVs that meet clinical-grade quality is challenging.
  • Standardization is needed for:
    • EV isolation methods to ensure purity and yield
    • EV characterization techniques for consistent identification and potency assessment
    • Storage and delivery methods preserving EV functionality
  • Regulatory frameworks specific to veterinary applications must be developed.
  • Further studies are required to establish optimal dosages, safety profiles, and long-term effects in different domestic animal species.

Conclusion

  • MSC-derived extracellular vesicles represent a promising novel therapeutic approach in veterinary medicine.
  • They hold potential not only for regenerative medicine but also as an antimicrobial alternative to reduce antibiotic use.
  • Future research should focus on overcoming production and standardization challenges to enable broad clinical use in domestic animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Lanci A, Iacono E, Merlo B. (2024). Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel), 14(15), 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152147

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 15
PII: 2147

Researcher Affiliations

Lanci, Aliai
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Iacono, Eleonora
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy.
Merlo, Barbara
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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