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Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Ho...
Viruses2021; 13(4); 586; doi: 10.3390/v13040586

Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Host Receptors in the Respiratory Tract of Farm Animals.

Abstract: The trimeric hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF) of influenza D virus (IDV) binds 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors, which are expressed in various host species. While cattle are the main reservoir for IDV, the viral genome has also been detected in domestic pigs. In addition, antibodies against IDV have been detected in other farm animals such as sheep, goats, and horses, and even in farmers working with IDV positive animals. Viruses belonging to various IDV clades circulate, but little is known about their differences in host and tissue tropism. Here we used recombinantly produced HEF proteins (HEF S57A) from the major clades D/Oklahoma (D/OK) and D/Oklahoma/660 (D/660) to study their host and tissue tropism and receptor interactions. To this end, we developed tissue microarrays (TMA) composed of respiratory tissues from various farm animals including cattle, domestic pigs, sheep, goats, and horses. Protein histochemical staining of farm animal respiratory tissue-microarrays with HEF proteins showed that cattle have receptors present over the entire respiratory tract while receptors are only present in the nasal and pharyngeal epithelium of pigs, sheep, goats, and horses. No differences in tropism for tissues and animals were observed between clades, while hemagglutination assays showed that D/OK has a 2-fold higher binding affinity than D/660 for receptors on red blood cells. The removal of O-acetylation from receptors via saponification treatment confirmed that receptor-binding of both clades was dependent on O-acetylated sialic acids.
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Publication Date: 2021-03-31 PubMed ID: 33807137PubMed Central: PMC8067312DOI: 10.3390/v13040586Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how the influenza D virus (IDV) attaches to host receptors in the respiratory tract of various farm animals. It found that cattle, the main reservoir for IDV, have receptors for the virus across their entire respiratory tract while for pigs, sheep, goats, and horses, these receptors are only present in the nasal and pharyngeal epithelium.

Introduction and Background

  • The study investigates the binding nature of the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF) of the influenza D virus (IDV) to 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors.
  • While cattle are the primary carriers of IDV, traces of the virus and antibodies against it have also been found in other farm animals including pigs, sheep, goats, horses, and even humans working with these infected animals.
  • It’s important to note that various clades (genetic branches) of IDV are in circulation, but there was not much known about their specific host and tissue interactions or variance across these branches.

Methodology

  • The scientists developed tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing respiratory tissues from a variety of farm animals.
  • They used recombinantly produced HEF proteins derived from the major clades D/Oklahoma (D/OK) and D/Oklahoma/660 (D/660) to study host and tissue tropism and receptor interactions.

Observations and Findings

  • Protein histochemical staining of these TMAs revealed a disparity in receptor location. Cattle have receptors across their entire respiratory tract, but for other farm animals—pigs, sheep, goats, and horses, these receptors are only found in the nasal cavity and pharyngeal epithelium.
  • Interestingly, no significant differences in receptor location were observed between the different IDV clades. However, hemagglutination assays showed that the D/OK clade has a two-fold higher binding affinity to receptors than the D/660 clade.
  • A process called saponification, which removes O-acetylation from receptors, reinforced that virus binding was dependent on the presence of O-acetylated sialic acids, a specific type of receptor.

Conclusions

  • The findings of this study provide valuable insights about IDV’s host and tissue preferences which could have implications for future research and containment strategies of such viruses in farm animals.
  • Importantly, the use of tissue microarrays in this study proved to be an effective method for studying virus-host interactions.

Cite This Article

APA
Nemanichvili N, Berends AJ, Wubbolts RW, Gröne A, Rijks JM, de Vries RP, Verheije MH. (2021). Tissue Microarrays to Visualize Influenza D Attachment to Host Receptors in the Respiratory Tract of Farm Animals. Viruses, 13(4), 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040586

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
PII: 586

Researcher Affiliations

Nemanichvili, Nikoloz
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Berends, Alinda J
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Wubbolts, Richard W
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Gröne, Andrea
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Rijks, Jolianne M
  • Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
de Vries, Robert P
  • Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Verheije, Monique H
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Domestic / virology
  • Cattle
  • Goats
  • Hemagglutinins, Viral / genetics
  • Hemagglutinins, Viral / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Host Microbial Interactions
  • Recombinant Proteins / metabolism
  • Respiratory System / virology
  • Sheep
  • Sialic Acids / metabolism
  • Swine
  • Thogotovirus / chemistry
  • Thogotovirus / genetics
  • Thogotovirus / physiology
  • Tissue Array Analysis
  • Viral Fusion Proteins / genetics
  • Viral Fusion Proteins / metabolism
  • Viral Tropism
  • Virus Attachment

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
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