Toll-like receptor-ligand induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in primary equine keratinocytes.
Abstract: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a key role in the development of allergic inflammation. Little is known about possible triggers of equine TSLP expression. Objective: To investigate TSLP expression in equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) skin lesions. The capacity of TLR 1-8 ligands (L) and of atopic cytokine milieu as potential triggers of TSLP and of interleukin (IL)-6 as a downstream effector molecule of TLR signalling, were examined in primary equine keratinocyte cultures. Methods: Lesional skin from IBH-affected and healthy skin from control-horses (n = 9 each group) was sampled. Methods: Keratinocyte cultures were established from six healthy horses and stimulated with TLR 1-8-L, and with IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α, to mimic an atopic inflammation cytokine milieu. TSLP and IL-6 gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Expression of TSLP was significantly greater in IBH lesions compared to healthy skin. TLR 1-8-L significantly upregulated TSLP expression in keratinocytes. The strongest upregulation was induced by TLR 1/2-L and TLR 3-L. Combination of atopic cytokine milieu and TLR 1/2-L or TLR 3-L further increased TSLP expression. TLR-L 1-5 stimulation significantly upregulated IL-6 expression. Conclusions: The data herein suggest that the upregulation of TSLP expression in lesional skin of IBH-affected horses might play a role in IBH development. Moreover, TSLP expression is induced by TLR-L, in particular by TLR 1/2-L and TLR 3-L, and is further increased by atopic cytokine milieu, indicating a mechanism for TSLP-mediated exacerbation of IBH. Background: Le TSLP (Thymic stromal lymphopoietin) joue un rôle clé dans le développement de l'inflammation allergique. On en sait peu sur les facteurs possibles d'expression de TSLP chez le cheval. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Étudier l'expression de TSLP dans les lésions cutanées de l'hypersensibilité aux piqures d'insectes (IBH) chez le cheval. La capacité des ligands TLR 1-8 (L) et des cytokines atopiques comme déclencheurs potentiels de TSLP et d'interleukine (IL)-6 comme molécule effectrice de régulation du signal TLR, ont été examinés dans des cultures de kératinocytes équins primaires. Unassigned: La peau lésionnelle d’IBH atteints et de peau saine de chevaux contrôles (n=9 pour chaque groupe) a été prélevée. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Les cultures de kératinocytes ont été réalisées à partir de six chevaux sains et stimulés par TLR 1-8-L, et avec IL-4 et TNF-α, pour mimer une inflammation atopique. L'expression des gènes de TSLP et IL-6 a été déterminée par PCR quantitative en temps réel. RÉSULTATS: L'expression de TSLP est significativement plus élevée dans les lésions d’IBH comparé à la peau saine. Les TLR 1-8-L ont significativement augmenté l'expression de TSLP dans les kératinocytes. L'augmentation de régulation la plus marquée était induite par TLR 1/2-L et TLR 3-L. La combinaison de milieu de cytokine atopique et TLR 1/2-L ou TLR 3-L augmente davantage l'expression de TSLP. La stimulation de TLR 1-5 a significativement augmenté l'expression d’IL-6. Unassigned: Les données ci dessus suggèrent que l'augmentation de régulation de l'expression de TSLP dans les lésions cutanées de chevaux atteints d’IBH pourrait jouer un rôle dans le développement d’IBH. En outre, l'expression de TSLP est induite par TLR-L, en particulier par TLR 1/2-L et TLR 3-L, et est d'autant plus augmenté que le milieu de cytokine atopique, indiquant un mécanisme d'exacerbation d’IBH médié par TSLP. INTRODUCCIÓN: la linfopoyetina del estroma tímico (TSLP) desempeña un papel clave en el desarrollo de la inflamación alérgica. Poco se sabe sobre posibles desencadenantes de expresión de TSLP equina. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: investigar la expresión de TSLP en lesiones cutáneas de hipersensibilidad por picadura de insecto en equinos (IBH). Se examinaron la capacidad de los ligandos TLR 1-8 (L) y del medio de citoquinas en atopia como posibles desencadenantes de TSLP y de interleuquina (IL) -6 como una molécula efectora posterior a la señal estimulante de TLR en cultivos primarios de queratinocitos equinos. ANIMALES: se tomaron muestras de piel lesionada de caballos con IBH y de piel sana de caballos control (n = 9 cada grupo). MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se establecieron cultivos de queratinocitos a partir de seis caballos sanos y se estimularon con TLR 1-8-L, y con IL-4 y factor de necrosis tumoral-α, para imitar un medio de citoquinas en inflamación en atopia. La expresión del gen TSLP e IL-6 se evaluaron por PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real. RESULTADOS: la expresión de TSLP fue significativamente mayor en los queratinocitos de lesiones de IBH en comparación con los de la piel sana. TLR 1-8-L aumentó significativamente la expresión de TSLP en queratinocitos. La regulación positiva más fuerte fue inducida por TLR 1/2-L y TLR 3-L. La combinación del medio de citoquinas en atopia y TLR 1/2-L o TLR 3-L aumentó aún más la expresión de TSLP. La estimulación de TLRL 1-5 aumentó significativamente la expresión de IL-6. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: los datos en este documento sugieren que la regulación positiva de la expresión de TSLP en la piel lesionada de los caballos afectados por IBH podría desempeñar un papel en el desarrollo de IBH. Además, la expresión de TSLP es inducida por TLR-L, en particular por TLR 1/2-L y TLR 3-L, y aumenta aún más por medio de citoquinas en atopia, lo que indica un mecanismo para la exacerbación de signos clínicos de IBH mediada por TSLP. Unassigned: Das Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) spielt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Entwicklung allergischer Entzündung. Es ist wenig bekannt über die möglichen Auslöser der Exprimierung des equinen TSLP. Unassigned: Das Ziel war eine Untersuchung der TSLP Exprimierung in Hautveränderungen bei der Insektenstich Hypersensibilität des Pferdes (IBH). Die Fähigkeit von TLR 1-8 Liganden (L) und des atopischen Zytokinmilieus als mögliche Auslöser von TSLP und von Interleukin (IL)-6 als Downstream Effektor Molekül für die TLR Signalgebung wurden in primären Keratinozytenkulturen von Pferden untersucht. Unassigned: Es wurden Läsionen der Haut von Pferden mit IBH und gesunder Haut von Kontrollpferden (n = 9 in jeder Gruppe) untersucht. Unassigned: Es wurden Keratinozytenkulturen von sechs gesunden Pferden hergestellt und mit TLR 1-8-L, mit IL-4 und Tumor Nekrose Faktor-α stimuliert, um das Zytokinmilieu einer atopischen Entzündung zu imitieren. Die TSLP und IL-6 Genexprimierung wurde mittels quantitativem Real-Time PCR untersucht. Unassigned: Die Exprimierung von TSLP war in IBH Läsionen im Vergleich zur gesunden Haut signifikant höher. TLR 1-8-L erhöhte die TSLP Exprimierung in den Keratinozyten signifikant. Die stärkste Erhöhung wurde von TLR 1/2-L und TLR 3-L induziert. Eine Kombination des atopischen Zytokinmilieus und TLR 1/2-L oder TLR 3-L erhöhte die TSLP Exprimierung noch deutlicher. Die TLRL 1-5 Stimulierung erhöhte die IL-6 Exprimierung signifikant. Unassigned: Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Erhöhung einer TSLP Exprimierung in läsionaler Haut bei IBH-betroffenen Pferden eine Rolle bei der Entwicklung der IBH spielen könnte. Darüber hinaus wird die TSLP Exprimierung durch TLR-L induziert, vor allem durch TLR 1/2-L und TLR 3-L und wird durch ein atopisches Zytokinmilieu weiter erhöht, was auf den Mechanismus einer TSLP-vermittelten Verschlimmerung der IBH hinweist. 背景: 胸腺間質性リンパ球新生因子(TSLP)は、アレルギー性炎症の発症に重要な役割を果たす。馬のTSLP発現のトリガーの可能性についてはほとんど知られていない。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、馬の昆虫刺咬性過敏症(IBH)の皮膚病変におけるTSLP発現を調査することである。 TLRシグナル伝達の下流エフェクター分子としてのTSLPおよびインターロイキン(IL)-6の潜在的トリガーとしてのTLR 1-8リガンド(L)およびアトピー性サイトカイン環境の能力を、一次馬ケラチノサイト培養で調査された。 被験動物: IBHに罹患した馬の病変皮膚および対照馬の健常皮膚(n = 9各グループ)をサンプリングした。 材料と方法: ケラチン生成細胞培養を、6頭の健常馬によって確立し、TLR 1-8-L、IL-4および腫瘍壊死因子-αで刺激し、アトピー性炎症サイトカイン環境を模倣した。 TSLPおよびIL-6遺伝子発現を、定量リアルタイムPCRにより評価した。 結果: TSLP発現は、健常皮膚と比較してIBH病変において有意に多かった。 TLR 1-8-Lは、ケラチン生成細胞におけるTSLP発現を有意に上方制御した。最も強いアップレギュレーションは、TLR 1 / 2-LおよびTLR 3-Lによって誘導された。アトピー性サイトカイン環境およびTLR 1 / 2-LまたはTLR 3-Lの組み合わせは、TSLP発現をさらに増加させた。 TLRL 1-5刺激は、IL-6発現を有意にアップレギュレートした。 結論と臨床的重要性: 本データは、IBHに罹患した馬の病変皮膚におけるTSLP発現の上方制御がIBHの発生に役割を果たす可能性があることを示唆している。さらに、TSLP発現は、TLR-L、特にTLR 1 / 2-LおよびTLR 3-Lによって誘導され、アトピー性サイトカイン環境によってさらに増加し、TSLPを介したIBHの増悪メカニズムを示している。. 背景: 胸腺基质淋巴生成素(TSLP)在过敏性炎症发生过程中起关键作用。目前对马的TSLP表达的可能触发因素知之甚少。 假设/目的: 研究TSLP在马昆虫叮咬超敏反应(IBH)皮肤病变中的表达。在初代马角质细胞培养基中,研究TLR1-8配体(L)和异位性细胞因子环境作为TSLP的潜在触发因子,以及白介素(IL)-6作为TLR信号下游效应分子的能力。 动物: 采集IBH的病变皮肤和对照组马的健康皮肤(每组9例)作为样本。 方法和材料: 从六匹健康马身上制备角质细胞培养基,给予TLR1-8-L、IL-4和肿瘤坏死因子-α刺激,模仿异位性炎症细胞因子环境。实时荧光定量PCR检测TSLP和IL-6基因表达。 结果: 与健康皮肤相比,TSLP在IBH病变中的表达明显增加。TLR1-8-L显著上调TSLP在角质细胞中的表达。其中TLR1/2-L和TLR3-L诱导上调最强。异位性细胞因子环境与TLR1/2-L或TLR3-L联合进一步增加了TSLP的表达。TLRL1-5刺激显著上调IL-6的表达。 结论和临床意义: 本文数据表明,IBH患马病变皮肤中的TSLP表达上调,可能在IBH的发生过程中发挥作用。此外,TSLP的表达由TLR-l诱导,尤其是TLR1/2-L和TLR 3-L,并在异位性细胞因子环境中进一步增加,提示TSLP介导IBH加重的机制。. Unassigned: A linfopoietina estromal tímica (TSLP) desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da inflamação alérgica. Pouco se sabe sobre possíveis gatilhos da expressão de TSLP em equinos. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Investigar a expressão de TSLP em lesões cutâneas de hipersensibilidade à picada de inseto (IBH) em equinos. A capacidade dos ligantes TLR 1-8 (L) e do meio de citocinas atópicas como potenciais gatilhos da TSLP e da interleucina (IL) -6 como uma molécula efetora a jusante da sinalização de TLR, foram examinados em culturas primárias de queratinócitos equinos. Unassigned: Coletou-se a amostras de pele lesional de equinos afetados por IBH e a pele saudável de cavalos controle (n = 9 cada grupo). MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Culturas de queratinócitos foram iniciadas a partir de material de seis equinos saudáveis e estimuladas com TLR 1-8-L, IL-4 e com fator de necrose tumoral-α, para imitar um meio de citocina de inflamação atópica. A expressão do gene TSLP e IL-6 foi avaliada por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Results: A expressão de TSLP foi significativamente maior nas lesões de IBH em comparação com a pele saudável. TLR 1-8-L aumentou positivamente a expressão de TSLP nos queratinócitos. Maior regulação positiva foi induzida por TLR 1/2-L e TLR 3-L. A combinação do meio de citocinas atópicas e TLR 1/2-L ou TLR 3-L aumentou ainda mais a expressão de TSLP. A estimulação com TLRL 1-5 aumentou significativamente a expressão de IL-6. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que a regulação positiva da expressão de TSLP na pele lesional de cavalos afetados por IBH pode desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento da IBH. Além disso, a expressão de TSLP é induzida por TLR-L, em particular por TLR 1/2-L e TLR 3-L, e é ainda aumentada pelo meio de citocinas atópicas, indicando um mecanismo para a exacerbação da IBH mediada por TSLP.
© 2019 The Authors. Veterinary Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the ESVD and ACVD.
Publication Date: 2019-11-21 PubMed ID: 31755151DOI: 10.1111/vde.12813Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research investigates the role of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) in equine skin allergic reactions due to insect bites. The study found that TSLP expression was significantly increased in these allergic reactions and was linked to Toll-Like Receptor-ligand (TLR-L) triggers, particularly TLR 1/2-L and TLR 3-L.
Background
- This research focuses on Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a molecule that plays an important role in initiating allergic inflammation. The study was particularly concerned with its expression in the context of equine Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) skin lesions.
- Previous studies have not extensively explored what triggers TSLP expression in horses, motivating the researchers to explore the potential triggers and their effects on TSLP’s role in equine allergic inflammation.
Methods
- The researchers collected skin lesion samples from both horses affected by IBH and from healthy control horses. They also established keratinocyte cultures from six healthy horses and stimulated them with TLR-L (to mimic an atopic inflammation cytokine milieu).
- The keratinocytes were subjected to various stimuli: TLR-L, IL-4, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. These were chosen as they might stimulate an atopic inflammation cytokine milieu (an environment presenting symptoms of atopic, or allergy-related, inflammation).
- To assess the impact of these stimuli, researchers observed the gene expressions of both TSLP and IL-6 using Quantitative real-time PCR.
Results
- The expression of TSLP was significantly higher in the skin lesions of horses affected by IBH than in healthy skin. In keratinocytes, TSLP expression was significantly upregulated by TLR 1-8-L stimulants.
- The most substantial upregulation was induced by TLR 1/2-L and TLR 3-L stimuli. Combining the atopic cytokine environment with TLR 1/2-L or TLR 3-L further increased TSLP expression.
- TLR-L 1-5 stimuli also significantly upregulated the expression of IL-6, a molecule thought to be a downstream effector of TLR signaling and potentially involved in allergic inflammation.
Conclusions
- The researchers suggest that the upregulation of TSLP expression might be involved in the development of IBH in horses.
- The study found that TSLP expression is not only induced but increased by certain TLR-L, particularly TLR 1/2-L and TLR 3-L. This expression is further increased in an atopic cytokine environment, suggesting a potential mechanism for TSLP’s role in the exacerbation of IBH.
Cite This Article
APA
Cvitas I, Galichet A, Ling SC, Müller EJ, Marti E.
(2019).
Toll-like receptor-ligand induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in primary equine keratinocytes.
Vet Dermatol, 31(2), 154-162.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12813 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 124, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 120, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 34, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 124, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 120, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 34, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langassstrasse 120, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 124, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 120, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biopsy
- Bites and Stings / veterinary
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines / genetics
- Cytokines / immunology
- Horses
- Hypersensitivity / veterinary
- Interleukin-6 / genetics
- Interleukin-6 / immunology
- Keratinocytes / drug effects
- Keratinocytes / immunology
- Ligands
- Skin / immunology
- Skin / pathology
- Toll-Like Receptors / immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
Grant Funding
- 310030-160196/1 / Swiss National Science Foundation
References
This article includes 30 references
- Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: master switch for allergic inflammation.. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 269-273.
- Takai T. TSLP expression: cellular sources, triggers, and regulatory mechanisms.. Allergol Int 2012; 61: 3-17.
- Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand pathway in the initiation of dendritic cell-mediated allergic inflammation.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 238-244; quiz 245-6.
- Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP.. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 673-680.
- Ebner S, Nguyen VA, Forstner M. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin converts human epidermal Langerhans cells into antigen-presenting cells that induce proallergic T cells.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 982-990.
- Rochman I, Watanabe N, Arima K. Cutting edge: direct action of thymic stromal lymphopoietin on activated human CD4+ T cells.. J Immunol 2007; 178: 6,720-6,724.
- Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Barrier Epithelial Cells and the Control of Type 2 Immunity.. Immunity 2015; 43: 29-40.
- Wong CK, Hu S, Cheung PF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces chemotactic and prosurvival effects in eosinophils: implications in allergic inflammation.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43: 305-315.
- Bogiatzi SI, Fernandez I, Bichet JC. Cutting Edge: Proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines synergize to induce thymic stromal lymphopoietin production by human skin keratinocytes.. J Immunol 2007; 178: 3,373-3,377.
- Schaffartzik A, Hamza E, Janda J. Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: what do we know?. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147: 113-126.
- Janda J, Plattet P, Torsteinsdottir S. Generation of equine TSLP-specific antibodies and their use for detection of TSLP produced by equine keratinocytes and leukocytes.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147: 180-186.
- Klukowska-Rotzler J, Marti E, Lavoie JP. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in equine recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146: 46-52.
- Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity.. Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1: 135-145.
- Leise BS, Yin C, Pettigrew A. Proinflammatory cytokine responses of cultured equine keratinocytes to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern motifs.. Equine Vet J 2010; 42: 294-303.
- Dahm AM, de Bruin A, Linat A. Cultivation and characterisation of primary and subcultured equine keratinocytes.. Equine Vet J 2002; 34: 114-120.
- Hamza E, Doherr MG, Bertoni G. Modulation of allergy incidence in icelandic horses is associated with a change in IL-4-producing T cells.. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144: 325-337.
- Hinden S, Klukowska-Rotzler J, Janda J. Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine expression in the skin of horses with recurrent urticaria.. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23: 503-e99.
- Jimenez-Dalmaroni MJ, Gerswhin ME, Adamopoulos IE. The critical role of toll-like receptors-From microbial recognition to autoimmunity: A comprehensive review.. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15: 1-8.
- Vu AT, Baba T, Chen X. Staphylococcus aureus membrane and diacylated lipopeptide induce thymic stromal lymphopoietin in keratinocytes through the Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 pathway.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 985-993, 993.e1-3.
- Vu AT, Chen X, Xie Y. Extracellular double-stranded RNA induces TSLP via an endosomal acidification- and NF-kappaB-dependent pathway in human keratinocytes.. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131: 2,205-2,212.
- Xie Y, Takai T, Chen X. Long TSLP transcript expression and release of TSLP induced by TLR ligands and cytokines in human keratinocytes.. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66: 233-237.
- Le TA, Takai T, Vu AT. Flagellin induces the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human keratinocytes via toll-like receptor 5.. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155: 31-37.
- Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 461.
- Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C).. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 805-812.
- McAllister CS, Samuel CE. The RNA-activated protein kinase enhances the induction of interferon-beta and apoptosis mediated by cytoplasmic RNA sensors.. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 1,644-1,651.
- Takeuchi O, Akira O. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation.. Cell 2010; 140: 805-820.
- Fettelschoss-Gabriel A, Fettelschoss V, Thoms F. Treating insect-bite hypersensitivity in horses with active vaccination against IL-5.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142: 1,194-1,205.e3.
- Schenk M, Belisle JT, Modlin RL. TLR2 looks at lipoproteins.. Immunity 2009; 31: 847-849.
- Lai Y, Di Nardo A, Nakatsuji T. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury.. Nat Med 2009; 15: 1,377-1,382.
- Heimann M, Janda J, Sigurdardottir OG. Skin-infiltrating T cells and cytokine expression in Icelandic horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity: a possible role for regulatory T cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140: 63-74.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Simonin EM, Wagner B. IgE-binding monocytes upregulate the coagulation cascade in allergic horses. Genes Immun 2023 Jun;24(3):130-138.
- Li SZ, Jin XX, Shan Y, Jin HZ, Zuo YG. Expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Immune-Related Dermatoses. Mediators Inflamm 2022;2022:9242383.
- Cvitas I, Oberhaensli S, Leeb T, Marti E. Equine keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of insect bite hypersensitivity: Just another brick in the wall?. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0266263.
- Cvitas I, Oberhänsli S, Leeb T, Dettwiler M, Müller E, Bruggman R, Marti EI. Investigating the epithelial barrier and immune signatures in the pathogenesis of equine insect bite hypersensitivity. PLoS One 2020;15(4):e0232189.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists