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Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria2025; 34(2); e000125; doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612025032

Trypanosoma evansi in Brazil: first evidence of infection in equines from Northeast region.

Abstract: The hemoprotozoan Trypanosoma evansi is a parasite that infects mammals, causing an infection known as trypanosomiasis. There is no report of T. evansi in horses in the State of Maranhão, highlighting the need to assess exposure and infection by the parasite and generate data for its monitoring. The objectives of this study were to identify T. evansi in blood samples from horses, investigate its occurrence in horses in this region, and analyze the associated risk factors. Three hundred blood samples were collected for parasitological (blood smear), serological (indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA), and molecular (polymerase chain reaction - PCR) diagnostic purposes. No trypomastigote forms of T. evansi were observed in the examined blood smears. Serological examined of 209 samples revealed that 33.01% (69/209) were positive for anti-T. evansi antibodies. No variable was identified as a risk factor. Among the 300 samples submitted to PCR, 1% (3/300) were positive, and sequencing showed 100% similarity with T. evansi species. The study identified exposure and infection of horses by T. evansi in Maranhão, expanding its geographic distribution in the country and highlighting the importance of periodic testing. O hemoprotozoário é um parasito que infecta mamíferos, desencadeando uma infecção chamada tripanosomose. No estado do Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, não há relatos de em cavalos, destacando a necessidade de avaliar a exposição e infecção pelo parasita e gerar dados para seu monitoramento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar em amostras sanguíneas de equinos, investigar sua ocorrência em cavalos dessa região e analisar os fatores de risco associados. Foram coletadas 300 amostras de sangue para fins de diagnóstico parasitológico (esfregaço sanguíneo), sorológico (ensaio imunoenzimático indireto - ELISA) e molecular (reação em cadeia pela polimerase - PCR). Nenhuma forma tripomastigota de foi observada nos esfregaços sanguíneos examinados. A análise sorológica em 209 amostras detectou que 33,01% (69/209) apresentaram anticorpos anti-. Nenhuma variável foi identificada como fator de risco. Entre as 300 amostras submetidas à PCR, 1% (3/300) apresentaram resultado positivo e, após sequenciamento, revelaram 100% de similaridade com amostras de . O estudo revelou a exposição e infecção de cavalos por no Maranhão, expandindo sua distribuição geográfica no país e destacando a importância de testes periódicos
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Publication Date: 2025-06-20 PubMed ID: 40561341PubMed Central: PMC12187158DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612025032Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study reports the first evidence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in horses in Maranhão, a northeastern state in Brazil, revealing significant exposure and confirming infection through molecular methods.

Background

  • Pathogen: Trypanosoma evansi is a hemoprotozoan parasite that infects mammals, causing the disease trypanosomiasis.
  • Geographical Gap: Prior to this study, there were no reported cases of T. evansi infection in horses in Maranhão, Brazil.
  • Importance: Identifying presence and spread of T. evansi is crucial due to its impact on animal health and economic consequences in livestock farming.

Objectives

  • Determine the presence of T. evansi in the blood of horses in Maranhão.
  • Investigate the occurrence and prevalence of T. evansi infection in this region.
  • Analyze risk factors associated with infection in equines.

Methods

  • Sampling: Blood samples were collected from 300 horses in Maranhão for diagnostic testing.
  • Diagnostic Techniques:
    • Parasitological: Blood smears examined microscopically to detect trypomastigote forms of T. evansi.
    • Serological: Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on 209 samples to detect anti-T. evansi antibodies.
    • Molecular: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conducted on 300 samples to detect T. evansi DNA.

Results

  • Parasitological Findings: No trypomastigote forms were observed in any of the examined blood smears, suggesting low parasitemia or transient presence in blood.
  • Serological Findings: 33.01% (69/209) of horses tested positive for anti-T. evansi antibodies, indicating previous exposure or ongoing immune response.
  • Molecular Findings: PCR detected T. evansi DNA in 1% (3/300) of samples; sequencing confirmed 100% similarity with T. evansi species, providing definitive evidence of infection.
  • Risk Factor Analysis: No statistically significant variables were identified as risk factors for infection in this study population.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study provides the first confirmed evidence of T. evansi infection in horses in the Maranhão state of Brazil, expanding the known geographic distribution of this parasite in the country.
  • The relatively high seroprevalence suggests that T. evansi exposure is common, even if active infection rates by PCR are low.
  • The absence of identified risk factors indicates that infection may be widespread or influenced by factors not assessed in this study.
  • Highlighting the importance of periodic testing, the findings support the need for ongoing surveillance to monitor the spread and impact of T. evansi in equine populations, enabling timely interventions to prevent outbreaks and economic losses.

Cite This Article

APA
Sousa JA, Miranda LM, Coutinho DJB, Costa TF, Costa SP, Freitas ÚS, Costa FB, Machado RZ, Nogueira RMS, Costa APD. (2025). Trypanosoma evansi in Brazil: first evidence of infection in equines from Northeast region. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 34(2), e000125. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612025032

Publication

Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria
ISSN: 1984-2961
NlmUniqueID: 9440482
Country: Brazil
Language: English
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: e000125
PII: e000125

Researcher Affiliations

Sousa, Jordeano Araujo
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Miranda, Leandro Macedo
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Coutinho, Danielle Jordany Barros
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Costa, Thaliane França
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Costa, Sidilene Pereira
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Freitas, Úrsula Silva
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Costa, Francisco Borges
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Machado, Rosangela Zacarias
  • Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.
Nogueira, Rita de Maria Seabra
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Costa, Andréa Pereira da
  • Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary
  • Trypanosomiasis / diagnosis
  • Trypanosomiasis / epidemiology
  • Trypanosomiasis / blood
  • Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
  • Trypanosoma / immunology
  • Male
  • Female
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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