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Scientific reports2025; 15(1); 769; doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81682-7

Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of bovine Deltapapillomavirus in the semen of healthy horses.

Abstract: BPV1, BPV2, BPV13, and BPV14 are all genotypes of bovine delta papillomaviruses (δPV), of which the first three cause infections in horses and are associated with equine sarcoids. However, BPV14 infection has never been reported in equine species. In this study, we examined 58 fresh and thawed commercial semen samples from healthy stallions. In 34 (58.6%), bovine δPV DNA was detected and quantified using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was able to identify bovine δPV DNA in 5 samples (8.6%). Of the BPV-infected semen samples, 15 were positive for BPV2 (~ 44.1%) on ddPCR and 4 (~ 11.7%) on qPCR; 12 (~ 35.3%) for BPV14 on ddPCR and 1 (~ 3%) by qPCR; 4 (~ 11.7%) for BPV1 on ddPCR, whereas qPCR failed to reveal this infection; 3 (~ 8.8%) for BPV13 on ddPCR; and BPV13 infection was not detected by qPCR. Our study showed for the first time that BPV14 is an additional infectious agent potentially responsible for infection in horses, as its transcripts were detected and quantified in some semen samples. Large-scale BPV14 screening is necessary to provide substantial data on the molecular epidemiology for a better understanding of the geographical divergence of BPV14 prevalence in different areas and how widespread BPV14 is among equids.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-01-04 PubMed ID: 39755719PubMed Central: PMC11700219DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81682-7Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Objective Overview

  • This study developed and applied highly sensitive molecular techniques to detect and measure bovine delta papillomavirus (δPV) DNA—including previously unreported BPV14—in semen samples of healthy horses.
  • The research reveals that multiple bovine δPV genotypes infect healthy stallions, suggesting a broader distribution and potential role of BPV14 in equine infections than previously known.

Introduction and Background

  • Bovine delta papillomaviruses (δPVs) include genotypes BPV1, BPV2, BPV13, and BPV14.
  • BPV1, BPV2, and BPV13 are known to cause infections in horses and are linked to equine sarcoids, which are skin tumors.
  • Before this study, BPV14 had not been reported in equine species.
  • Understanding the presence and distribution of these viruses in horses is important for equine health management and epidemiology.

Study Design and Methods

  • The study analyzed 58 commercial semen samples collected from healthy stallions; samples included both fresh and previously frozen (thawed) semen.
  • Molecular detection techniques used were:
    • Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), which enables highly sensitive and precise DNA quantification.
    • Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR), a common method for DNA detection but generally less sensitive than ddPCR.
  • The target was to detect and quantify DNA of bovine δPV genotypes: BPV1, BPV2, BPV13, and BPV14.

Key Findings

  • Bovine δPV DNA was detected in 34 out of 58 semen samples (58.6%) using the highly sensitive ddPCR technique.
  • In contrast, qPCR detected δPV DNA in only 5 samples (8.6%), demonstrating that ddPCR is significantly more sensitive for this purpose.
  • Prevalence of specific genotypes detected by ddPCR:
    • BPV2 detected in 15 samples (~44.1% of infected samples), vs 4 by qPCR (~11.7%).
    • BPV14 detected in 12 samples (~35.3%) by ddPCR, vs only 1 (~3%) by qPCR.
    • BPV1 detected in 4 samples (~11.7%) by ddPCR, none detected by qPCR.
    • BPV13 detected in 3 samples (~8.8%) by ddPCR, none detected by qPCR.
  • This is the first report demonstrating the presence of BPV14 DNA transcripts in horse semen, indicating that BPV14 can infect equine species.

Implications and Significance

  • The detection of BPV14 in horse semen marks the identification of a new potential infectious agent in equids besides the previously known BPV types.
  • The disparity in detection rates between ddPCR and qPCR highlights the importance of using ultrasensitive diagnostic tools for accurate surveillance of viral epidemiology.
  • Since semen is a potential vector for viral transmission, understanding the prevalence of these bovine δPVs in stallions has implications for breeding management and disease control in equine populations.
  • Further large-scale studies and screenings are recommended to:
    • Gain comprehensive molecular epidemiological data about BPV14 prevalence across different geographical regions.
    • Clarify how widespread BPV14 infection is among equids.
    • Better understand the geographical divergence and potential pathogenicity of BPV14 in horses.

Conclusions

  • The study successfully demonstrates that bovine δPVs are common in semen of healthy horses and that BPV14, previously unreported in equine species, also infects stallions.
  • The use of droplet digital PCR provides a powerful tool for ultrasensitive detection and quantification of viral DNA in biological samples.
  • These findings expand knowledge about the molecular epidemiology of bovine δPVs in horses and call for further research to monitor and manage these viruses in equine populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Cutarelli A, De Falco F, Serpe F, Izzo S, Fusco G, Catoi C, Roperto S. (2025). Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of bovine Deltapapillomavirus in the semen of healthy horses. Sci Rep, 15(1), 769. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81682-7

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 769
PII: 769

Researcher Affiliations

Cutarelli, Anna
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.
De Falco, Francesca
  • Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
  • Area Science Park, Campus di Baronissi, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
Serpe, Francesco
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.
Izzo, Simona
  • Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Fusco, Giovanna
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.
Catoi, Cornel
  • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Roperto, Sante
  • Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy. sante.roperto@unina.it.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / virology
  • Semen / virology
  • Male
  • Papillomavirus Infections / virology
  • Papillomavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Papillomavirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Deltapapillomavirus / genetics
  • Deltapapillomavirus / isolation & purification
  • DNA, Viral / genetics
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Cattle

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: Semen samples were commercially purchased. Some additional samples were collected at the Didactic Veterinary University Hospital (DVUH) of Naples. All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol PG/2024/0023599, Naples University Federico II). Permission to collect samples was obtained from the animals’ owners.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Cutarelli A, Buonavoglia A, Fusco G, Pellicanò R, Napoletano M, Brandt S, Roperto S. Accurate identification of bovine deltapapillomavirus in equine sarcoids by ddPCR.. Sci Rep 2025 Aug 11;15(1):29414.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15353-6pubmed: 40790360google scholar: lookup
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