Untargeted LC-HRMS metabolomic analysis reveals exercise-induced biochemical alterations in endurance Arabian horses.

1. Munsters CC, van den Broek J, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Physiological responses of horses competing in endurance rides.. Equine Vet J 2013;45(6):742–8.
   doi: 10.1017/s1751731112002327google scholar: lookup
2. Ropka-Molik K, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Zukowski K, Piórkowska K, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Exercise-induced changes in the expression of genes associated with muscle metabolism in Arabian horses.. BMC Vet Res 2017;13(1–10).
   doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00130.201google scholar: lookup
3. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Rhodes DM, Meier CA, Higgins JC. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in endurance horses eliminated from competition for medical complications and requiring emergency medical treatment: 30 cases (2005–2006).. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009;19(5):473–8.
   doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00441.xgoogle scholar: lookup
4. Bryan K, McGivney BA, Farries G, McGettigan PA, McGivney CL, Gough KF, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Equine skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and training: evidence of differential regulation of autophagosomal and mitochondrial components.. BMC Genomics 2017;18(1):595.
   doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4007-9google scholar: lookup
5. McGowan CM, Whitworth DJ. Overtraining syndrome in horses.. Comp Exerc Physiol 2008;5(2):57–65.
   doi: 10.1017/s1478061508979202google scholar: lookup
6. Lindner A, Signorini R, Brero L, Arn E, Mancini R, Enrique A. Effect of conditioning horses with short intervals at high speed on biochemical variables in blood.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006;36:88–92.
   doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05519.xgoogle scholar: lookup
7. de Siqueira RF, Fernandes WR. Dynamic Hematological Responses in Endurance Horses: Unraveling Blood Physiological Markers of Exercise Stress and Recovery.. Int J Equine Sci 2024;3(2):74–81.
   doi: 10.64292/ijes.116google scholar: lookup
8. Eivers SS, McGivney BA, Gu J, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Alterations in gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training.. Anim Genet 2010;41(Suppl 2):21–8.
   doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.200google scholar: lookup
9. Mach N, Plancade S, Pacholewska A, Lecardonnel J, Rivière J, Moroldo M. Integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profiling in blood reveals candidate biomarkers associated with endurance exercise in the horse.. Sci Rep 2016;6:22932.
   doi: 10.1038/srep22932google scholar: lookup
10. Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Holmes E. Metabonomics: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data.. Xenobiotica 1999;29(11):1181–9.
    doi: 10.1080/004982599238047google scholar: lookup
11. Dettmer K, Aronov PA, Hammock BD. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics.. Mass Spectrom Rev 2007;26(1):51–78.
    doi: 10.1002/mas.20108google scholar: lookup
12. Theodoridis GA, Gika HG, Wilson ID. Mass spectrometry-based holistic analytical approaches in metabolite profiling.. Anal Chem 2012;84(2):766–80.
    doi: 10.1002/mas.20306google scholar: lookup
13. Myćka G, Ropka-Molik K, Cywińska A, Szmatoła T, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M. Molecular insights into the lipid-carbohydrate metabolism switch under the endurance effort in Arabian horses.. Equine Vet J 2023;56(3):586–97.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13984google scholar: lookup
14. Thévenot EA, Roux A, Xu Y, Ezan E, Junot C. Analysis of the human adult urinary metabolome variations with age, body mass index, and gender by implementing a comprehensive workflow for univariate and OPLS statistical analyses.. J Proteome Res 2015;14(8):3322–35.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00354google scholar: lookup
15. Carvalho Júnior RG, Oliveira RSB, Garcia BC, Macedo DB, Nascimento JMC, Silva AC. Acute whole-body vibration as a recovery strategy after exercise in horses.. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1538195.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1538195google scholar: lookup
16. Siegers E, Decloedt A, Van der Vekens N, de Bruijn M, Pardon B, van Loon G. Longitudinal training and workload assessment in young horses. Anim (Basel) 2023;13(4):689.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040689google scholar: lookup
17. Pires MJ, Leite A, Peleteiro MC, Alexandre-Pires G, Niza MMR, Magalhães-Sant’Ana M. Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in clinically healthy Lusitano horses. Vet Sci 2025;12(7):656.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12070656google scholar: lookup
18. Grace AA. Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016;17(8):524–32.
    doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.57google scholar: lookup
19. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The brain–gut–microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;6(2):133–48.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003google scholar: lookup
20. Morais LH, Schreiber HL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota–brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021;19(4):241–55.
    doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00460-0google scholar: lookup
21. Plancade S, Clark A, Philippe C. Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology. Sci Rep 2019;9:9620.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46118-7google scholar: lookup
22. Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008;88(4):1243–76.
    doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007google scholar: lookup
23. Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cutler RG. MDA content increases in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle with intensity of exercise in a rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1988;255(6 Pt 1):C874–8.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.6.c874google scholar: lookup
24. Radak Z, Ishihara K, Tekus E, Varga C, Posa A, Balogh L. Exercise, oxidants, and antioxidants change the shape of the bell-shaped hormesis curve. Redox Biol 2016;12:285–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.009google scholar: lookup
25. Rinaldo P, Matern D, Bennett MJ. Fatty acid oxidation disorders. Annu Rev Physiol 2002;64:477–502.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082201.154705google scholar: lookup
26. Meeusen R, Watson P. Amino acids and the brain: do they play a role in central fatigue?. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007;17(Suppl 1):S37–46.
    doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s37google scholar: lookup
27. Newsholme EA, Blomstrand E, Ekblom B. Physical and mental fatigue: metabolic mechanisms and importance of plasma amino acids. Br Med Bull 1992;48(3):477–95.
    doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011615google scholar: lookup
28. Bonhomme MM, Patarin F, Kruse C-J, François A-C, Renaud B, Couroucé A, Leleu C, Boemer F, Toquet M-P, Richard EA, Seignot J, Wouters CP, Votion DM. Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling Reveals Exercise Intensity-Dependent Alterations in Thoroughbred Racehorses’ Plasma after Routine Conditioning Sessions. ACS Omega 2023 8 (50), 48557–71.
    doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08583google scholar: lookup

Citations