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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2022; 50(2); 101-114; doi: 10.1055/a-1809-6477

[Venous catheters in horses – early ultrasonographic venous abnormalities and evidence of biofilms].

Abstract: Complications associated with indwelling intravenous catheters vary from minor to severe. Changes in tissue architecture and vein structure may be detectable prior to clinical alterations. The aim of the study was to characterize and compare changes in a catheterized vein and surrounding tissue by clinical and ultrasonographic examination. Microbiological infestation of catheter specimens was assessed. Methods: In this prospective, observational, clinical study 55 horses with an indwelling intravenous catheter have been included. Subsequent to catheter placement, vein and surrounding tissue were daily examined clinically and by ultrasonographic examination at predetermined localizations. After sterile removal of the catheters, specimens underwent microbiological testing and scanning electron microscopy. Obtained data were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Thickness of the venous wall was compared at predetermined localizations and time points for several parameters with the help of non-parametric tests (level of significance at p < 0.05, post-hoc Bonferroni correction). Results: Overall, in 41.8 % of the horses transient alterations (swelling) of the surrounding tissue occurred during catheterization. Median catheterization was 69.5 hours (19 hour-10 days). With ultrasonography, venous valves and collateral vessels could be detected reliably. Significant alterations in wall thickness during catheterization were associated with various factors (location site [p ≤ 0.001], season [p = 0.006], anesthesia [p ≤ 0.001]).Microbiological analysis revealed a positive result in 23.5 %, 12 of the 51 samples; raster electron microscopy showed presence of bacteria in 25.0 %, 4 of the 16 investigated catheter samples. Conclusions: Local tissue changes at the insertion site of the catheter are commonly associated with catheterization, and are easily detectable with ultrasonography. Despite the easy performance in a clinical setting, the benefit of routine ultrasonographic monitoring of catheterized veins might be questionable with regard to early identification and prediction of catheter-associated venous disease. Bacteria might be detectable morphologically on the catheter but frequently lack a positive result from standard bacterial cultivation. Unassigned: Die Nutzung intravenöser Verweilkatheter ist trotz größter Sorgfalt mit Komplikationen verbunden. Gewebeveränderungen und minimale Entzündungsreaktionen an der Vene können bereits vor klinisch erkennbaren Veränderungen auftreten. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Vena jugularis während und nach der Katheterisierung klinisch und ultrasonografisch zu beurteilen und eine mögliche bakterielle Besiedlung des Katheters zu evaluieren. Methods: In einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie wurden 55 Pferde mit einem Venenverweilkatheter täglich klinisch und ultrasonografisch untersucht. Die steril entfernte Katheterspitze wurde mikrobiologisch mittels Anzucht sowie morphologisch in der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Die erhobenen Daten wurden deskriptiv analysiert und die Venenwanddicke an verschiedenen Lokalisationen und Zeitpunkten hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter mit nicht-parametrischen Tests verglichen (Signifikanzniveau p < 0,05; Bonferroni-Korrektur bei multiplem Testen). Unassigned: Die Verweildauer des Katheters betrug zwischen 19 Stunden und 10 Tagen (Median 69,5 Stunden). Es konnten keine behandlungswürdigen Venenerkrankungen beobachtet werden, lediglich transiente geringgradige Gewebeveränderungen traten bei 41,8 % der Patienten auf. Im Ultraschall konnten Venenklappen und Kollateralgefäße zuverlässig dargestellt werden. Lokalisation (p ≤ 0,001), Jahreszeit (p = 0,006) und Allgemeinanästhesie (p ≤ 0,001) hatten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die im Ultraschall gemessene Venenwanddicke, welche an der Einstichstelle verbreitert war. Der Nachweis von Bakterien war positiv in 23,5 % (12/51 Proben, mikrobiologische Anzucht) bzw. 25,0 % (4/16 Proben, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie). Unassigned: Jeder Katheter erzeugt eine Entzündungsreaktion der Venenwand und des umliegenden Gewebes. Diese Veränderungen können vor allem in der ultrasonografischen Untersuchung dargestellt werden, welche eine praxistaugliche Diagnostik darstellt. Eine Vorhersage über sich entwickelnde Venenerkrankungen war bei den untersuchten Probanden nicht möglich. Die Ergebnisse der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie zeigen, dass nicht in jedem Fall morphologisch auf dem Katheter erkennbare Bakterien auch in der Kultivierung nachgewiesen werden können.
Publication Date: 2022-05-06 PubMed ID: 35523187DOI: 10.1055/a-1809-6477Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Observational Study

Summary

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This study investigates the changes that occur in horse veins and surrounding tissues following the insertion of intravenous catheters and evaluates bacterial colonization of the catheter. Using ultrasonography, the researchers found that alterations in the thickness of the vein wall often occurred, with factors such as the insertion location, season, and anesthesia playing significant roles. While bacteria were found on the catheter in certain cases, they were not always detectable using standard bacterial cultivation.

Study Overview and Methodology

  • The study was a prospective, observational clinical study involving 55 horses with intravenous catheter insertions.
  • Post-catheter placement, the vein and surrounding tissue underwent daily clinical and ultrasonographic examinations at predetermined locations.
  • Catheters were removed under sterile conditions after which their specimens were subjected to microbiological testing and scanning electron microscopy.
  • Data obtained were analyzed statistically, and the venous wall’s thickness compared at specified locations and time points for several parameters using non-parametric tests.

Results

  • Changes in the local tissue surrounding the catheter insertion site were quite common, occurring in 41.8% of the horses, with the average catheterization period being 69.5 hours (ranging from 19 hours to 10 days).
  • Ultrasonography helped reliably detect venous valves and collateral vessels.
  • Serious changes in the wall thickness during catheterization were associated with factors such as location site, season, and anesthesia.
  • Microbiological analysis revealed positive results in 23.5% of samples, while electron microscopy detected bacteria presence in 25.0% of investigated catheter samples.

Conclusions

  • Changes in local tissue at the catheter insertion site, commonly associated with catheterization, are easily detectable with ultrasonography.
  • Despite the easy application of ultrasonography in a clinical setting, its benefits for routine monitoring of catheterized veins to identify and predict catheter-associated venous disease early are doubtful.
  • Bacteria may be present on the catheter, but their detection with standard bacterial cultivation may not always be successful.

Cite This Article

APA
Doerffel A, Reinert A, Böttcher D, Winter K, Brehm W, Gittel C. (2022). [Venous catheters in horses – early ultrasonographic venous abnormalities and evidence of biofilms]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 50(2), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1809-6477

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 50
Issue: 2
Pages: 101-114

Researcher Affiliations

Doerffel, Annika
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Reinert, Anja
  • Veterinär-Anatomisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Böttcher, Denny
  • Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Winter, Karsten
  • Institut für Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Brehm, Walter
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Gittel, Claudia
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
  • The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Universität Cambridge, Vereinigtes Königreich.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biofilms
  • Catheterization, Central Venous / adverse effects
  • Catheterization, Central Venous / veterinary
  • Catheters, Indwelling / veterinary
  • Horses
  • Prospective Studies
  • Ultrasonography / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Citations

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