FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Viral testing of 18 consecutive cases of equine serum hepati...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2018; 33(1); 251-257; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15368

Viral testing of 18 consecutive cases of equine serum hepatitis: A prospective study (2014-2018).

Abstract: Three flaviviruses (equine pegivirus [EPgV]; Theiler's disease-associated virus [TDAV]; non-primate hepacivirus [NPHV]) and equine parvovirus (EqPV-H) are present in equine blood products; the TDAV, NPHV, and EqPV-H have been suggested as potential causes of serum hepatitis. Objective: To determine the prevalence of these viruses in horses with equine serum hepatitis. Methods: Eighteen horses diagnosed with serum hepatitis, enrolled from US referral hospitals. Methods: In the prospective case study, liver, serum, or both samples were tested for EPgV, TDAV, NPHV, and EqPV-H by PCR. Results: Both liver tissue and serum were tested for 6 cases, serum only for 8 cases, and liver only for 4 cases. Twelve horses received tetanus antitoxin (TAT) 4-12.7 weeks (median = 8 weeks), 3 horses received commercial equine plasma 6-8.6 weeks, and 3 horses received allogenic stem cells 6.4-7.6 weeks before the onset of hepatic failure. All samples were TDAV negative. Two of 14 serum samples were NPHV-positive. Six of 14 serum samples were EPgV-positive. All liver samples were NPHV-negative and EPgV-negative. EqPV-H was detected in the serum (N = 8), liver (N = 4), or both samples (N = 6) of all 18 cases. The TAT of the same lot number was available for virologic testing in 10 of 12 TAT-associated cases, and all 10 samples were EqPV-H positive. Conclusions: We demonstrated EqPV-H in 18 consecutive cases of serum hepatitis. EPgV, TDAV, and NPHV were not consistently present. This information should encourage blood product manufacturers to test for EqPV-H and eliminate EqPV-H-infected horses from their donor herds.
© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-12-05 PubMed ID: 30520162PubMed Central: PMC6335536DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15368Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article is a detailed study on the prevalence of four types of viruses in horses diagnosed with equine serum hepatitis.

Objective of the Study

The study sets out to determine the prevalence of three flaviviruses (equine pegivirus (EPgV), Theiler’s disease-associated virus (TDAV), non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV)) and equine parvovirus (EqPV-H) in horses diagnosed with equine serum hepatitis. The flaviviruses and parvovirus were previously suggested to potentially cause serum hepatitis.

Methodology

  • The researchers carried out a prospective case study with 18 horses with serum hepatitis sourced from US referral hospitals.
  • Specimens of both liver tissues and serum were tested for the presence of the four viruses (EPgV, TDAV, NPHV, and EqPV-H) through a method called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
  • Where possible, their medicinal history relating to blood products was also considered for potential correlation.

Results

  • The testing was comprehensive: for six cases both the liver tissue and serum were tested, eight were tested on serum only, and four were tested on liver tissue only.
  • Twelve of the horses had received tetanus antitoxin, three horses had received commercial equine plasma, and three horses received allogenic stem cells to varying durations before the onset of hepatic failure.
  • The findings revealed that all the tests were negative for TDAV while only two out of the 14 serum samples tested positive for NPHV.
  • Meanwhile, six of the 14 serum samples were EPgV-positive while all liver samples were EPgV and NPHV negative.
  • The EqPV-H virus was detected in all 18 cases, either in serum (8 cases), liver (4 cases), or both samples (6 cases).
  • Furthermore, EqPV-H was found in the tetanus antitoxin of the same lot number for 10 out of 12 horses treated with the antitoxin.

Conclusions

  • The prevalence of EqPV-H in all 18 successive cases of serum hepatitis implies a strong linkage and suggests that it could be the main causative agent among the examined viruses.
  • EPgV, TDAV, and NPHV were not found to be consistently present, thus excluding them as primary suspects.
  • The researchers therefore recommend that blood product manufacturers start testing for EqPV-H and remove EqPV-H-infected horses from the production line to prevent contamination.

Cite This Article

APA
Tomlinson JE, Kapoor A, Kumar A, Tennant BC, Laverack MA, Beard L, Delph K, Davis E, Schott Ii H, Lascola K, Holbrook TC, Johnson P, Taylor SD, McKenzie E, Carter-Arnold J, Setlakwe E, Fultz L, Brakenhoff J, Ruby R, Trivedi S, Van de Walle GR, Renshaw RW, Dubovi EJ, Divers TJ. (2018). Viral testing of 18 consecutive cases of equine serum hepatitis: A prospective study (2014-2018). J Vet Intern Med, 33(1), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15368

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 251-257

Researcher Affiliations

Tomlinson, Joy E
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Kapoor, Amit
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Kumar, Arvind
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Tennant, Bud C
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Laverack, Melissa A
  • New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Beard, Laurie
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Delph, Katie
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Davis, Elizabeth
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Schott Ii, Harold
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Lascola, Kara
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
Holbrook, Todd C
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Johnson, Philip
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
Taylor, Sandra D
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
McKenzie, Erica
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Carter-Arnold, Jessica
  • Oklahoma Equine Hospital, Washington, Oklahoma.
Setlakwe, Emilie
  • Tryon Equine Hospital, Columbus, North Carolina.
Fultz, Lisa
  • Equine Medicine Specialists of South Florida, Wellington, Florida.
Brakenhoff, Jeff
  • Oakridge Equine Hospital, Edmond, Oklahoma.
Ruby, Rebecca
  • Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Trivedi, Sheetal
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Renshaw, Randall W
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Dubovi, Edward J
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Divers, Thomas J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Flavivirus
  • Flavivirus Infections / complications
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Hepacivirus
  • Hepatitis C / complications
  • Hepatitis C / veterinary
  • Hepatitis C / virology
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / blood
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / pathology
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / virology
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Liver / pathology
  • Liver / virology
  • Male
  • Parvoviridae Infections / complications
  • Parvoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Parvoviridae Infections / virology
  • Parvovirus
  • Prospective Studies
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • Theilovirus

Grant Funding

  • Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research
  • 2016-67015-24765 / National Institute of Food and Agriculture
  • Niarchos Family

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Theiler A. Acute liver‐atrophy and parenchymatous hepatitis in horses. Union of South Africa Dept. of Agriculture 5th and 6th Repts. of the Director of Veterinary Research; 1918.
  2. Meyer K. Equine encephalomyelitis. N Am Vet 1933;14:30‐48.
  3. Madsen D. Equine encephalomyelitis. Utah Acad Sci, Arts, Lett 1934;11:95‐99.
  4. Marsh H. Losses of undetermined cause following an outbreak of equine encephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1937;91:88‐93.
  5. Marsh H. Supplementary note to article on equine encephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1937;81:330‐331.
  6. Hjerpe C. Serum hepatitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1964;144:734‐740.
    pubmed: 14156990
  7. Rose J, Immenschuh R, Rose E. Serum hepatitis in the horse. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 1974:175‐185.
  8. Thomsett LR. Acute hepatic failure in the horse. Equine Vet J 1971;3(15):15‐19.
    pubmed: 5161355
  9. Step D, Blue J, Dill S. Penicillin‐induced hemolytic anemia and acute hepatic failure following treatment of tetanus in a horse. Cornell Vet 1991;81(1):13‐18.
    pubmed: 1993388
  10. Messer NT, Johnson PJ. Serum hepatitis in two brood mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204(11):1790‐1792.
    pubmed: 8063602
  11. Guglick MA, MacAllister CG, Ely RW, Edwards WC. Hepatic disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206(11):1737‐1740.
    pubmed: 7782247
  12. Messer NT, Johnson PJ. Idiopathic acute hepatic disease in horses: 12 cases (1982‐1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204(12):1934‐1937.
    pubmed: 8077140
  13. Chandriani S, Skewes‐Cox P, Zhong W. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110(15):E1407‐E1415.
    pmc: PMC3625295pubmed: 23509292
  14. Panciera RJ. Serum hepatitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969;155(2):408‐410.
    pubmed: 5816124
  15. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Carr EA, Carlson GP. Serum hepatitis associated with commercial plasma transfusion in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:120‐122.
    pubmed: 15715060
  16. Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P. Serology‐enabled discovery of genetically diverse hepaciviruses in a new host. J Virol 2012;86(11):6171‐6178.
    pmc: PMC3372197pubmed: 22491452
  17. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Cullen JM. Identification of a pegivirus (GB virus‐like virus) that infects horses. J Virol 2013;87(12):7185‐7190.
    pmc: PMC3676142pubmed: 23596285
  18. Scheel TKH, Kapoor A, Nishiuchi E. Characterization of nonprimate hepacivirus and construction of a functional molecular clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112(7):2192‐2197.
    pmc: PMC4343093pubmed: 25646476
  19. Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Wilkinson TE, Divers TJ, Knowles DP, Mealey RH. Experimental transmission of equine hepacivirus in horses as a model for hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2015;61(5):1533‐1546.
    pubmed: 25580897
  20. Gather T, Walter S, Todt D. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus‐like nonprimate hepacivirus in horses. J Gen Virol 2016;97(10):2540‐2551.
    pubmed: 27461949
  21. Gather T, Walter S, Pfaender S. Acute and chronic infections with nonprimate hepacivirus in young horses. Vet Res 2016;47(1):97.
    pmc: PMC5034468pubmed: 27659317
  22. Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira‐Soto A. Differential infection patterns and recent evolutionary origins of equine hepaciviruses in donkeys. J Virol 2016;91(1):e01711‐16.
    pmc: PMC5165184pubmed: 27795428
  23. Pfaender S, Cavalleri JMV, Walter S. Clinical course of infection and viral tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus‐like nonprimate hepaciviruses in horses. Hepatology 2015;61(2):447‐459.
    pubmed: 25212983
  24. Pfaender S, Walter S, Grabski E, Todt D, Bruening J, Romero‐Brey I. Immune protection against reinfection with nonprimate hepacivirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017;114(12):E2430‐E2439.
    pmc: PMC5373355pubmed: 28275093
  25. Reuter G, Maza N, Pankovics P, Boros Á. Non‐primate hepacivirus infection with apparent hepatitis in a horse—short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2014;62(3):422‐427.
    pubmed: 25038950
  26. Lyons S, Kapoor A, Schneider BS. Viraemic frequencies and seroprevalence of non‐primate hepacivirus and equine pegiviruses in horses and other mammalian species. J Gen Virol 2014;95(PART 8):1701‐1711.
    pubmed: 24814924
  27. Lu G, Sun L, Xu T. First description of hepacivirus and pegivirus infection in domestic horses in China: a study in Guangdong province, Heilongjiang province and Hong Kong district. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0155662.
    pmc: PMC4868292pubmed: 27182887
  28. Scheel TKH, Simmonds P, Kapoor A. Surveying the global virome: identification and characterization of HCV‐related animal hepaciviruses. Antiviral Res 2015;115:83‐93.
    pmc: PMC5081135pubmed: 25545071
  29. Postel A, Cavalleri JMV, Pfaender S. Frequent presence of hepaci and pegiviruses in commercial equine serum pools. Vet Microbiol 2016;182:8‐14.
    pubmed: 26711022
  30. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A. A new parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses following inoculation of a common equine biological. Emerg Infect Dis 2018;24(2):303‐310.
    pmc: PMC5782890pubmed: 29350162
  31. Dyce K, Sack W, Wensing C. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2010:551‐560.
  32. Caruso C, Gobbi E, Biosa T, Andra’ M, Cavallazzi U, Masoero L. Evaluation of viral inactivation of pseudorabies virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and porcine parvovirus in pancreatin of porcine origin. J Virol Methods 2014;208:79‐84.
    pubmed: 25110118
  33. Roberts PL, Hart H. Comparison of the inactivation of canine and bovine parvovirus by freeze‐drying and dry‐heat treatment in two high purity factor VIII concentrates. Biologicals 2000;28(3):185‐188.
    pubmed: 10964445
  34. Mani B, Gerber M, Lieby P, Boschetti N, Kempf C, Ros C. Molecular mechanism underlying B19 virus inactivation and comparison to other parvoviruses. Transfusion 2007;47(10):1765‐1774.
    pubmed: 17880601
  35. Blumel J, Stuhler A, Dichtelmuller H. Kinetics of inactivating human parvovirus B19 and porcine parvovirus by dry‐heat treatment. Transfusion 2008;48:790‐791.
    pubmed: 18366462
  36. Matsuu A, Hobo S, Ando K. Genetic and serological surveillance for non‐primate hepacivirus in horses in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2015;179(3–4):219‐227.
    pubmed: 26070772
  37. Hartlage AS, Cullen JM, Kapoor A. The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3(1):53‐75.
    pmc: PMC5523456pubmed: 27741408
  38. Oh IS, Park S‐H. Immune‐mediated liver injury in Hepatitis B virus infection. Immune Netw 2015;15(4):191‐198.
    pmc: PMC4553257pubmed: 26330805

Citations

This article has been cited 32 times.
  1. Ricci I, Rosone F, Pacchiarotti G, Manna G, Cersini A, Carvelli A, La Rocca D, Cammalleri E, Giordani R, Tofani S, Conti R, Rombolà P, Nardini R, Minniti CA, Caforio R, Linardi B, Scicluna MT. Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations. Viruses 2025 Aug 2;17(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v17081076pubmed: 40872790google scholar: lookup
  2. Scupham AJ. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Population Dynamics in a Single Horse over 16 Years. Viruses 2025 Jul 4;17(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v17070947pubmed: 40733563google scholar: lookup
  3. Frisch V, Ramsauer AS, Preining I, Unterköfler MS, Fuehrer HP, Hofer M, Lyrakis M, Bouhsira E, Liénard E, Cavalleri JV. First detection of equine hepacivirus RNA in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) in eastern Austria. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 17;21(1):474.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04890-xpubmed: 40676642google scholar: lookup
  4. Scupham AJ, Tong C. Detection of equine parvovirus-hepatitis and efficacy of governmental regulation for equine biologics purity. J Vet Diagn Invest 2025 Jan;37(1):79-85.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387241292343pubmed: 39506428google scholar: lookup
  5. Kopecka A, Novotna T, Svobodova Z, Drabkova Z. Senecio ovatus poisoning in a horse - A case report. Vet Med (Praha) 2024 Sep;69(9):329-336.
    doi: 10.17221/37/2024-VETMEDpubmed: 39474359google scholar: lookup
  6. Fortier C, El-Hage C, Normand C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Jeffers K, Bamford N, Oden E, Paillot R, Hartley C, Gilkerson J, Pronost S. Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Virus and Equine Hepacivirus in Archived Sera from Horses in France and Australia. Viruses 2024 May 28;16(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v16060862pubmed: 38932156google scholar: lookup
  7. Nardini R, Pacchiarotti G, Svicher V, Salpini R, Bellocchi MC, Conti R, Sala MG, La Rocca D, Carioti L, Cersini A, Manna G, The Equine Hepatic Viruses Consortium, Scicluna MT. First National Prevalence in Italian Horse Population and Phylogenesis Highlight a Fourth Sub-Type Candidate of Equine Hepacivirus. Viruses 2024 Apr 16;16(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v16040616pubmed: 38675957google scholar: lookup
  8. Jager MC, Choi E, Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle G. Naturally acquired equine parvovirus-hepatitis is associated with a wide range of hepatic lesions in horses. Vet Pathol 2024 May;61(3):442-452.
    doi: 10.1177/03009858231214024pubmed: 38018088google scholar: lookup
  9. Papapetrou MA, Arroyo LG, Meister TL, Baird JD, Steinmann E, Lillie BN. Prevalence of equine parvovirus-hepatitis in healthy broodmares in Ontario, Canada. Can J Vet Res 2023 Jul;87(3):169-175.
    pubmed: 37397641
  10. Pezzanite LM, Chow L, Phillips J, Griffenhagen GM, Moore AR, Schaer TP, Engiles JB, Werpy N, Gilbertie J, Schnabel LV, Antczak D, Miller D, Dow S, Goodrich LR. TLR-activated mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant Staphylococcal septic arthritis in an equine model. Ann Transl Med 2022 Nov;10(21):1157.
    doi: 10.21037/atm-22-1746pubmed: 36467344google scholar: lookup
  11. Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Henry CE, Fahey MJ, Van de Walle GR. Prevalence and pathology of equine parvovirus-hepatitis in racehorses from New York racetracks. Virol J 2022 Nov 1;19(1):175.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-022-01901-3pubmed: 36320007google scholar: lookup
  12. Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR. Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):2238-2244.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16569pubmed: 36250682google scholar: lookup
  13. Pacchiarotti G, Nardini R, Scicluna MT. Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 20;12(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12192486pubmed: 36230228google scholar: lookup
  14. Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease?. Front Immunol 2022;13:887760.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887760pubmed: 35707535google scholar: lookup
  15. Lee SK, Park D, Lee I. Molecular Prevalence of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis in the Sera of Clinically Healthy Horses in South Korea. Vet Sci 2021 Nov 19;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110282pubmed: 34822655google scholar: lookup
  16. Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Song H, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Detection and Genetic Characterization of New Equine Parvovirus Species Circulating among Horses in Korea. Vet Sci 2021 Nov 7;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110268pubmed: 34822641google scholar: lookup
  17. Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Jung S, Seo Y, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Clinical Case of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis-Related Theiler's Disease in Asia. Viruses 2021 Sep 24;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v13101917pubmed: 34696347google scholar: lookup
  18. Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol J 2021 Oct 24;18(1):210.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-ypubmed: 34689822google scholar: lookup
  19. Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Delwart E. Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 19;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11103006pubmed: 34680025google scholar: lookup
  20. Zehetner V, Cavalleri JV, Klang A, Hofer M, Preining I, Steinborn R, Ramsauer AS. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities. Viruses 2021 Aug 12;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v13081599pubmed: 34452465google scholar: lookup
  21. Ramsauer AS, Badenhorst M, Cavalleri JV. Equine parvovirus hepatitis. Equine Vet J 2021 Sep;53(5):886-894.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13477pubmed: 34101906google scholar: lookup
  22. Badenhorst M, de Heus P, Auer A, Tegtmeyer B, Stang A, Dimmel K, Tichy A, Kubacki J, Bachofen C, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JMV. Active equine parvovirus-hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age. Equine Vet J 2022 Mar;54(2):379-389.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13444pubmed: 33704819google scholar: lookup
  23. Heffron AS, Lauck M, Somsen ED, Townsend EC, Bailey AL, Sosa M, Eickhoff J, Capuano Iii S, Newman CM, Kuhn JH, Mejia A, Simmons HA, O'Connor DH. Discovery of a Novel Simian Pegivirus in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with Lymphocytic Enterocolitis. Microorganisms 2020 Sep 30;8(10).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8101509pubmed: 33007921google scholar: lookup
  24. Tomlinson JE, Wolfisberg R, Fahnøe U, Sharma H, Renshaw RW, Nielsen L, Nishiuchi E, Holm C, Dubovi E, Rosenberg BR, Tennant BC, Bukh J, Kapoor A, Divers TJ, Rice CM, Van de Walle GR, Scheel TKH. Equine pegiviruses cause persistent infection of bone marrow and are not associated with hepatitis. PLoS Pathog 2020 Jul;16(7):e1008677.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008677pubmed: 32649726google scholar: lookup
  25. Lu G, Wu L, Ou J, Li S. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis in China: Characterization of Its Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Natural Recombination Events Between the Chinese and American Strains. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:121.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00121pubmed: 32211433google scholar: lookup
  26. Tomlinson JE, Jager M, Struzyna A, Laverack M, Fortier LA, Dubovi E, Foil LD, Burbelo PD, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR. Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9(1):651-663.
    doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326pubmed: 32192415google scholar: lookup
  27. Vengust M, Jager MC, Zalig V, Cociancich V, Laverack M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR, Divers TJ. First report of equine parvovirus-hepatitis-associated Theiler's disease in Europe. Equine Vet J 2020 Nov;52(6):841-847.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13254pubmed: 32145096google scholar: lookup
  28. DeNotta SL, Divers TJ. Clinical Pathology in the Adult Sick Horse: The Gastrointestinal System and Liver. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):105-120.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.11.004pubmed: 31982231google scholar: lookup
  29. Meister TL, Tegtmeyer B, Brüggemann Y, Sieme H, Feige K, Todt D, Stang A, Cavalleri JV, Steinmann E. Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany. Viruses 2019 Oct 18;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100965pubmed: 31635426google scholar: lookup
  30. Altan E, Li Y, Sabino-Santos G Jr, Sawaswong V, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Deng X, Delwart E. Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases. Viruses 2019 Oct 14;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100942pubmed: 31614994google scholar: lookup
  31. Meister TL, Tegtmeyer B, Postel A, Cavalleri JV, Todt D, Stang A, Steinmann E. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Frequently Detectable in Commercial Equine Serum Pools. Viruses 2019 May 21;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v11050461pubmed: 31117220google scholar: lookup
  32. Tomlinson JE, Tennant BC, Struzyna A, Mrad D, Browne N, Whelchel D, Johnson PJ, Jamieson C, Löhr CV, Bildfell R, McKenzie EC, Laverack M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Kapoor A, Meirs RS, Belgrave R, Engiles J, Van de Walle GR, Divers TJ. Viral testing of 10 cases of Theiler's disease and 37 in-contact horses in the absence of equine biologic product administration: A prospective study (2014-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2019 Jan;33(1):258-265.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15362pubmed: 30520132google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,034 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.